TDJ4M_Architectural_Design

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=Architecture & Interior Design= Architects and interior designers have much in common, the intuitive ability to plan then layout ideas based on past experience and research is a hallmark of both. In both cases there has to be the ability to fundamentally grasp the principles and elements of design, but express them in such a way that the consumer of the design is unaware of the designers influence, yet finds the design itself appealing. 

Interior Design
Interior Design is the planning, layout, and design of the interior spaces within a building. It includes the functional improvement, aesthetics and psychological enhancement of the interior space. Simply put, the interior designer seeks to make the space better, in all sense of the word, given the design constraints of the client.The interior designer usually works on two types of projects - new construction and renovation - each with its own set of problems. New construction is typically much easier than a renovation in that planning starts from scratch and re-engineering (and the potential re-distribution of loads) of interior spaces isn't needed. On the other hand, a new construction ID project doesn't yet have the character of an existing space and there isn't the same level of guidance available in coming up with complimentary designs. Nonetheless, there are a series of phases that interior designers go through in either case (the list for architects is very similar for that matter):

PHASE I: PRE-DESIGN
Pre-design or programming is the information gathering and analytical phase. This phase includes measuring the site, taking photographs if necessary, investigating the site conditions, in the case of a renovation and clearly defining the client’s objectives. Careful consideration is given to function, spatial relationships, character and image as well as other factors that affect how the home or commercial enterprise will affect the client. The scale and character of the residence or project is determined in this phase.

PHASE II: PRELIMINARY DESIGN
This is the conceptual and exploration phase. In this phase, through bubble diagrams, adjacency matrices and rough sketches, the general layout, form and overall appearance of the premises are created. Materials boards, sketches and drawings that set the course for the construction drawings are employed in this phase. Plans, elevations, and sections are developed for client approval.

PHASE III: CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS
Construction documents are the phase where the design is translated into technical information for the contractor. Working drawings (blueprints) and specifications are prepared to define in detail all the materials that are to be incorporated into the project-residential or commercial, where they are to be located and how they are to be installed. This is the stage where collaboration with architects, engineers and contractors occurs. Although this phase is primarily intended for working out the technical aspects of the project, some design work will also take place. Things such as fixtures are selected, lighting plans and electrical plans are drawn up and plumbing fixtures and finish materials i.e. flooring, paint colours, trim and molding, etc. are selected. This is called the **specifications** for the project.

PHASE IV: BIDDING AND NEGOTIATION - applies if the interior designer works to completion with clients
This phase is for renovation work or commercial projects. Competitive bids or negotiated proposals from a selected list of general contractors or project managers are made. During this phase, working drawings and specifications, are delivered to all parties involved and questions from contractors are addressed. Once the bids or cost estimates are received, the ID's analyze the results and prepare the contract between the client and the selected contractor. ID's interface with the project manager at this point to ensure delivery.

PHASE V: CONSTRUCTION AND SUPERVISION - applies if the interior designer works to completion with clients
In this final phase, the ID's supervise the contractor and draw up a punch list for any unfinished details to be submitted to the contractor so that a sign-off can be effected to ensure that the premises are ready for occupancy.



Assignment #8 - Interior Design
Research the following:
 * Modern Architecture || Interior Design Magazine ||
 * Interior Architecture || Dwell Magazine ||
 * Interior Design || Architecture Magazine ||
 * Lighting Styles || Frank Gehry ||
 * American Designers || Michael Graves ||
 * Furniture Styles || Phillip Stark ||


 * Document your favourite styles, buildings, designers, rooms using a minimum of 8 slides in Powerpoint, Presenter, Google Slides, or Prezi. Share the document with me.
 * Write a brief sentence or two about each topic on each slide
 * All photos must be accompanied with title, designer, site location that the information was found and any other pertinent information.
 * Be prepared to discuss your information with the class. This __**assignment is meant to be a way to share information with classmates**__, and in return learn from your classmates.

Evaluation:

 * **CATEGORY** || **4** || **3** || **2** || **1** ||
 * **ID project documentation** || All styles have been displayed and exceptionally well documented. || Generally the various styles are well documented and displayed || The styles have been displayed. Little documentation and/or slides missing || Styles have somewhat been shown and/or are missing slides and supporting statements. ||



=BIM Software=

In order to keep pace in today's increasingly complex world of architecture and design interior, designers and architects have moved to BIM software to develop concepts. BIM stands for building information modeling and automates and schedules many of the time-consuming, yet important tasks associated with building construction. BIM software is able to not only represent the project in order to help visualize every detail of construction, but is architecturally correct. It is also a critical link between the contractor and the designer in that schedules for trades and hardware purchases are easily obtained from the software. 

Assignment #9 - Revit Tutorial
You are going to follow Autodesk's Tutorial for Revit to make the house at right. You are to complete up to modifying the roof in page 35.

Once Revit is installed and operational, open this tutorial.

This tutorial is FAR more than we'll need to begin our first Interior Design assignment, but once we get to architecture it'll be useful in organizing our plans, elevations and schedules. You will complete up to the point where

If you get stuck along the way with terminology, please either ask me for the vocabulary, the rationale behind doing various operations, or [|see here] (a different version, but with many annotations).

When you're done you should have something that, once rendered, will look somethin g like this:


 * __EVALUATION__**


 * **CATEGORY** || **4** || **3** || **2** || **1** ||
 * **End Product Content** || The resulting product is a masterful combination of style choices, careful observation and extra touches. || The resulting product is successful, but the occasional editing choices or missed steps leave the piece short of perfection. || The piece contains many missed steps or poor style choices. The resulting piece is complete, yet missing elements. || The project might have been well done, but it is lost in a morass of errors. ||
 * **Steps** || All steps are followed and the end product is exemplary. || Generally all steps are followed, there are small errors in layers/editing. || Generally the product is as it should be, though there are enough errors in replication that final product is awkward. || Large errors in replication of the product. ||
 * **Use of Time** || Used time well during each class period (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal)with no reminders. || Used time well during most class periods (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well (as shown by observation by teacher and documentation of progress in journal), but required reminders on one or more occasions to do so. || Used time poorly (as shown by observation by teacher and/or documentation of progress in journal) in spite of several reminders to do so. ||



Assignment #10 - Kitchen Re-design
A middle-aged couple with kids is looking to re-design their kitchen. They're both professionals, and the house itself is in a rural environment. Presently the kitchen is styled in dark woods, light floors and stainless steel.

Determine how the space is best used, suggest a style that would be applicable. You are to find cabinets, furnishings, window covers, and any/all artwork within a budget of $5900. The appliances do NOT need to be replaced, so you'll have to incorporate them into the redesign. The clients are not partial to the island - for the purposes of this project the island may be removed if that is what you want to do.

Make sure to use any/all purchasing options to find the best deal. If you do go over your budget you had best have an excellent argument as to why it would still be appealing to your clients to look at your design. Remember to also include design principles and elements in your design and in your summary. You will want to use this as arguments as to why your design works and how it creates the effect, atmosphere and lighting etc

Use the SPICE design process (situation, problem, investigation, construction and evaluation) to create a viable option. 1. Create the imaginary background as if you had an interview with them to create the scenario you’re designing for. (If you are having issues, I will gladly provide a scenario). Really, the sky's the limit as I'm not giving you much detail to go on about their likes/dislikes. This leaves the interpretation up to you. 2. Outline your design issues and how you wish to address that. 3. Investigate different styles and choose an appropriate one to deliver your ideas. Also consider cost as you have a limited budget - $5900 isn't very much money for a kitchen redesign after all. A full cost analysis of the final products that will be used in the design is a must. Please include an image of the product, its cost and the URL where you found it. Display all relevant purchases in a schedule attached to the end of the project (a table with costs, suppliers and quantities). Assume anything you can find to buy you can get a 15% discount on for contractor prices (i.e. take 15% off of the price of anything you find you wish to use in the remodeling). 4. For the construction phase use the Revit file I've provided for you here. Once done the model, you are going to render the same interior views as in the pictures below.

7zip unzipping program [|can be obtained here]



Evaluation:
1) First, you will summarize your design including its cost and provide all the benefits of it. You should not be afraid to outline the shortcomings and ways you could see to upgrade these problems in the future (assuming the clients will have more money in the future to take it to the next phase). This is the design package. Include all of the following:
 * the background for the clients
 * the design brief (include design constraints, design research, your design approach & rationale for it) include concept sketches
 * schedule of materials (including costs, suppliers, quantities)
 * a series of 3D modeled images showing the "finished project".
 * potential future phases of redesign should the $5900 prove to be inadequate to complete your concept.



2) Phase two of the assessment will take place as a class assessment. Your classmates will be providing some feedback anonymously letting you know what they think of your ideas. What they thought was well put together and how they think you could improve.

The classroom evaluation of the assignment will be as follows: -background /4 -design brief /4 -schedule of materials /4 -future phases /4 ||
 * **Component** || **Value** ||
 * 1 - Design Package || 16
 * 2 - sketches || all sketches/drawings /4 ||
 * 3 - 3D model || all 3D modeled views /8 ||


 * **CATEGORY** || **4** || **3** || **2** || **1** ||
 * **Sketches** || Relevant sketches are flawless - pullouts (notes) include relevant design details || Drawings are well done, pullouts are included. Mostly all details are addressed. || Generally the drawings convey the design plans. There are several design elements missing. || Many design elements are missing from the documents, but overall the design can be understood. ||
 * **3D model** || Model is flawless - pullouts include relevant design details || Model is well done, pullouts are included. Mostly all details are addressed. Mostly all notes/finishes are present || Generally the model conveys the design plans. There are several design elements missing. || Many design elements are missing from the model, but overall the design can be visualized. ||
 * **Design Package** || All aspects of the category are present and exemplary || All aspects of the category are present, though may require some work || There are aspects of the category that are missing and work is required || There are many flaws in the category submission. ||
 * **Use of Time** || Time is very well used and documented as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal with no reminders. || Generally time was very well used as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal with few reminders or missing time-planning. || Used time well as shown by observation by teacher and documentation of progress in journal, but required reminders on one or more occasions to do so and/or lacked documentation of time spent outside of class. || Used time poorly (as shown by observation by teacher and/or documentation of progress in journal) in spite of several reminders to do so and/or lack of documentation outside of class. ||

 =Architecture= 

Plot Plans[[image:tdj4m_PlotPlan.jpg width="720" height="582" align="right"]]
[|source]

A plot plan is an architectural drawing that shows all the major features and structures on a piece of property. The information included on a plot plan can vary by project and region, but will generally include the location of all buildings, porches, decks, and sheds. The plan may also include swimming pools and landscaping features, as well as underground and aboveground utilities. Most plot plans will also show the lot lines marking the boundaries of the property along with a brief description of adjacent properties.

Plot plans are typically required with all permit and zoning applications submitted to local permitting agencies. They may be used during zoning reviews or as part of the construction permit review process. The plot plan helps the reviewing agency (usually the local government) check for conflicts with neighbors, building codes, or surrounding utility lines before a permit is issued. The plot plan can also be used to plan landscaping designs or special outdoor features like decks or pools. Once the plan is approved, it may be used by the builder when laying out the property.

Local permit or zoning agencies issue their own specific requirements for plot plans. In many cases, the plan must be drawn to scale so that features are shown in relation to one another. A directional arrow or compass should be shown that indicates how the property is oriented. Dimensions are often required as well, though in some cases, only building or overall dimensions need to be shown. The location of existing structures as well as all proposed changes or additions should be included on the plot plan.

More complex plot plans may require elevations and land contours, which require the work of a surveyor. This may include simple elevation changes or items such as driveway slopes or curb cuts. In instances where trees or building features may interfere with overhead utility lines, pictorial elevations may be required to illustrate how the lines will be protected.

Depending on the complexity of the project, plot plans may be drawn by surveyors, architects, engineers, or homeowners. When developing a plot plan, it is easiest to start with an existing plot plan or plat, which can often be found at the local land records office. If this plan is not available, the person creating the plan must start from scratch by taking measurements or surveying the land. Once the plot plan is submitted to the local permit agency, a copy is often kept on record for future use or reference.



Assignment # 11 - Plot Plan

 * Read over chapter 10 of Architecture Residential Drafting and Design by Clois E. Kicklighter.

1) In AutoCAD your job is to create a plot plan for a site. The surveyor’s dimensions for a five sided lot are as follows starting at the most Southwestern corner and following in a clockwise direction (see the instructions below in part 2):


 * N20ºE 98.87m
 * N90ºE 55 m
 * S30ºE 60 m
 * S47ºW 88.75m
 * N70ºW 57.35m

The plan should be scaled as 1:50.

2) The house is 10m x 30m (l x w) should be oriented so it takes advantage of solar orientation. It is a corner lot and the roads are located on the west side and south side of the lot. Name them as you see fit. Suggest a possible driveway to go with it.


 * The municipality has the following requirements:
 * Setbacks are 6000mm
 * Side yards are 1800mm
 * And back yard is 7500mm

__To do the plot, use the following instructions__:
 * 1) Create a new drawing and set the scale
 * 2) At the command prompt type in units
 * 3) In the drawing units dialogue change the following:
 * 4) In the Length section - make sure precision is set to 0.00
 * 5) Angle section - change the drop down to surveyors units
 * 6) Change precision to N 0d00’ E
 * 7) Click OK to close
 * 8) At the command prompt type limits
 * 9) type 0,0
 * 10) type 80,110
 * 11) Zoom to Extents (Z enter E enter)
 * 12) Create a new layer and call it Prop_Line, assign it the colour 172 and make it current.
 * 13) At the command line type in DYNMODE
 * 14) 1 (this turns the dynamic input on)
 * 15) Now you’ll start drawing the lot.
 * 16) Type line
 * 17) Make sure snap is turned off and follow it now by your surveyors coordinates by entering…..
 * 18) @98.87<n20de (follow this line by each of the surveyors coordinates each line starting with @ and then the bearing – DON’T forget the “d”)
 * 19) Place your setbacks on your drawing. Make sure to change the property lines to a broken line. Make sure that North Street is renamed Green's Road and East Street is renamed Jock Trail
 * 20) Put your house, driveway and roads etc on a separate layers.

NB: Evaluation will take place in the Summative Package



Staking Footings and Foundations

 * Read Footings and Foundations (Chapter 11: pg 233 – 247)

Once the location of new construction has been determined, the ground must be excavated to allow for the appropriate foundation to be created to support the weight of the building, and sustain the structure through all weather conditions.

__Locating the construction__
 * Locate the corners of the house indicated by the plot plan
 * Verify the corners are square can use 9-12-15 unit method (property of 30,60, 90 triangle)
 * Even if the house is not rectangular, the exterior rectangle that would encase the home is easiest to determine for the overall area to be cleared
 * Batter boards are placed on outside the buildings rectangular area (with surveying equipment and laser lines, batter boards are not used as much as they had been in the past)
 * Must be 4’ outside the exterior footing location
 * Ideally must be of equal elevation
 * E.g. If footing extends an additional 9” out from the house foundation wall, the batter board can be placed a minimum of 4’9” from the house perimeter.
 * String or wire strung between batter boards situated opposite or parallel from each other intersect with other lines from other sets of parallel batter boards. The intersection of the lines at each of the corners establishes the external corners of the lot.
 * A plumb bob is used to verify the position within the excavation.

__The Excavation__
 * Once the size and location of the excavation is determined the excavation can take place.
 * Depth is dependent on frost penetration depth (should be 6” to 1’ below this depth), depth of the basement (ceiling height) and keeping that the first floor should be a minimum of 8” above grade (ground level).
 * Point of reference for the depth is from the highest corner of the structure.
 * Frost line penetration in Ottawa is 42”

__The Footing__
 * An enlarged base of the foundation wall that must be massive enough to distribute the weight of the building to the ground below. It is not required if a construction is built on rock.
 * The size depends on the soil conditions
 * The depth depends on the frost penetration depth in the area
 * Ideally should be place on undisturbed soil.
 * Poured concrete is the most widely used material
 * Footing is formed (often by using wood forms) to create the exterior edge of the footing
 * Key or keyway (a groove that is formed prior to setting) can be place in footing to help keep the wall from sliding side to side
 * Generally, are 1/2 the wall thickness at the top and 1/3 the wall thickness deep, with sloping sides and is centered on the footing.
 * Alternately, rebar can be placed so it sticks up from the center of the footing so the next level can be kept in place.
 * General rule for light construction (basic housing) footings are typically twice the width of the foundation wall and as high as the width of the wall.
 * Rebar can be added to concrete to reinforce the footing
 * Footings for chimneys and fireplaces must support greater weight and thus are larger (12” thick and extend 6” beyond the perimeter of the chimney on all sides)
 * Stepped footings used on hilly terrain,
 * Each step must be completely horizontal
 * Needs rebar reinforcement on vertical and horizontal where step is located
 * Height of each step should not exceed 2’

__Column or Post Footings__
 * Used to support concentrated loads in the building (i.e. floor joists)
 * Typically for small residences is 24” square by 12” deep
 * Can hold 16,000 lbs if soil were dry firm sand or clay (see table below)
 * **Type of Soil ** |||| **Safe Load ** ||
 * ^  || **Tons per sq ft. ** || **lb per sq ft ** ||
 * Soft clay, loam || 1 || 2000 ||
 * Dry, firm sand or clay || 2 || 4000 ||
 * Compact coarse sand || 3 || 6000 ||
 * Coarse gravel || 4 || 8000 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Hard pan or shale || <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: right;">10 || <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: right;">20000 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Solid rock |||| <span style="display: block; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px; text-align: center;">No limit ||

__Types of Foundation walls__: 1) T-foundations – name derived from inverted T shape 2) Slab foundations – an extension of the slab floor 3) Pier and Post foundations 4) Wood foundations – only attractive in climate where freezing is infrequent
 * 4 basic types T-foundation, slab foundation, pier or post foundation, wood foundation.
 * Foundation and footing are two separate parts
 * Forms for the footings are made from 2” thick construction lumber – after concrete is set the forms are removed
 * Placed at same time as the floor is cast (not separate)
 * Steel mesh and/ or reinforcing bars are recommended to prevent cracking during settling
 * Requires less time, expense and labour to construct
 * May be used for a storage or deck type structures, no longer legal locally for main house
 * Not really for areas which require a basement
 * As described with column or post footings, used for short spans for additional support



__Structure of Foundation Walls:__
 * Generally built of poured concrete or concrete block
 * Poured concrete
 * is labour intensive to create form walls
 * time consuming to allow for concrete to set and harden
 * resists fractures from settling and allows for steel reinforcement at critical not restricted to block dimensions
 * usually 8” thick
 * limit height of structure to 10x their thickness for unreinforced walls


 * generally foundation should be as thick as masonry above
 * brick or stone veneer
 * 8” thick foundation is sufficient for 1 storey
 * 10” thick foundation for 2 storey
 * Moisture conditions in the soil may require thicker walls to ensure dryness in basement (with exterior waterproofing and proper drainage)
 * Concrete block
 * Allows for economy in speed of erection and cost
 * Design and workmanship can be a factor in effectiveness
 * Capped with 4” solid cap block
 * Provides smooth bearing surface for wood sills etc.
 * Cores need to be filled where beams, girders and heavy loads are expected.
 * Mortar joints are the weakest part of the wall.
 * Design should not require blocks to be cut should be multiples of 8” or 16”


 * ICF block foundation[[image:http://www.uppercanadabuildingservices.ca/images/homeowners09.jpg align="right"]]
 * Poured concrete center with rigid foam container. Rebar holds the blocks and levels together and acts as 1 solid unit. May be used not only as foundation but above ground as well.
 * Advantages
 * reduction in the number of trade contractors required (no forms)
 * enormous strength
 * protection of concrete from strong fluctuations in temperature
 * thermal efficiency in that the floor slab is built within the thermal protection of the ICF wall
 * High thermal R value (~22 compared to standard 0.5 R of 8" concrete - that translates to ~$300/year savings in heating)
 * reduction in through-the-wall sound transmission,
 * ease of construction.
 * when a finished basement is desired, the cost difference is almost negligible.
 * Disadvantages
 * If building codes prohibit the use of foam below-grade, alternative methods must be chosen or the foam form removed after the concrete cures
 * Construction costs may be higher.
 * EPS allows termite trails to exist undetected, a gap in the polystyrene may be required to facilitate detection. Some regional codes merely require termite shields; sometimes at the footing and transition from ICF to frame construction junction
 * costly rebar
 * costly ICF concrete mix (aggregate size and cement mix is different)


 * Pilasters
 * a rectangular column that project from a wall for additional support for girders or beams (not used often - usually pockets are left in the wall)
 * built at same time as basement wall
 * min width 16” must project 4” inside a 8” foundation wall


 * Exterior of walls:
 * Parge coat of plaster or cement mortar are used damp proof foundation wall
 * Other materials like tar, rubber membranes and insulation are used to further weather proof and insulate the walls


 * Draining
 * 4” perforated drain tile (weeping tile) is placed around the perimeter of the footing to move ground water away from the base of the structure
 * Tile is covered with approximately 18”course stone or gravel
 * In wet areas for additional protection sump pumps are installed to pump water away from the base of the structure

media type="youtube" key="GXwQSCStRaw" width="560" height="315" 

Assignment #12 - Foundation Cross-Section
1. In AutoCAD draw the cross section for a T-foundation with external weeping tile, gravel fill around the tile and soil to grade. a) 10” wide poured foundation wall 8’ height and a key (keyway) with 2" rigid insulation on the inside of the wall. [|You'll need to hatch this insulation]. I suggest ANSI37 hatching with a hatch scale of between 60->100. b) Block foundation wall 10 blocks high and poured footing (Hatch AR_B88), also with a key and 2" rigid insulation c) Ground gravel will have GRAVEL hatch, the regular soil will have the EARTH hatch. Leave the "Big O" empty. 2. In a separate text document answer the following NB: Evaluation will take place in the Summative Package
 * 1) The dimensions necessary for staking out the house are found on the plan
 * 2) What method may be used to check the accuracy of all corners of the house once it is staked out?
 * 3) The purpose of batter boards is to
 * 4) The excavation for footings must extend at least below the average maximum frost depth.
 * 5) The sized and type of footing should be suitable for the building and soil bearing capacity.
 * 6) The thickness of the footing is usually the same thickness as the
 * 7) Stepped footings are necessary for
 * 8) Concrete stepped footings may be reinforced using two -inch steel rebar.
 * 9) The most common type of foundation is the
 * 10) List two advantages of the slab foundation.
 * 11) The basic difference between a pier and a column is the
 * 12) What are main advantages and disadvantages between the ICF foundation wall and the standard poured foundation wall?

 =Foundations for Construction=

For most of the applications you will come in contact with (buildings of 2-3 stories) normal foundations consist of footings and foundation walls as long as it is on good load-bearing soil. This is often determined by a soil sample that is done by engineers to determine its weight bearing capacity and by the characteristics of the area (i.e. water flow and moisture because of bodies of water, flooding etc.) Should there be additional stresses because of the soil, an engineer may require that the footings be larger to compensate for unusual circumstances but it is basically the same theory.

In heavy construction with tall and heavy buildings there are other foundation problems because their basements are deep and the columns have to hold very heavy loads. Deep basements in an area that has many other deep basements in close proximity make it uneconomical and impractical to use the conventional piers and footings. For this situation they use other alternatives to deal with the situation, among those options are __**piles and caissons**__.

Piles
Are long columns of concrete, steel, (or timber but not in heavy construction) or a combination of the materials that are driven into the ground to provide a foundation for a vertical load (known as a bearing pile) or a group of such columns to resist a horizontal load from earth or water pressure (known as sheet piles). The piles are pounded into the ground by pile drivers which literally drop a heavy load on the pile head to pound them into the ground. Cast-in-place piles are created by boring out holes, placing or pounding in casings and then they are filled with concrete. Are a shell or box sometimes even a casing that is filled with concrete. It creates a structure similar to a pile that was cast-in-place but it is larger in diameter. The area is bored or drilled to the appropriate depth and then the shell is inserted and driven to the required depth. Concrete is then poured into the casing to act as a weight bearing column.

RESIDENTIAL
As previously stated there are different ways to enforce the basement walls if the structure has to support heavier loads. For poured walls this often means using rebar and/or thicker walls. For block walls, filling the walls with rebar and concrete also helps. Additionally, pilasters can be used in to strengthen the wall. Block walls are often capped with a 4” solid cap (also concrete) and the final basement wall, from the top of the footing to the floor joists should not be less than 7’ in height, this is because room must be left for heating ducts, plumbing and beams. The top of the basement wall is then capped by a wooden sill plate or sill, usually using 2”x6” lumber and is anchored to the wall with bolts or with anchor clips.

The floors in a house typically have a joist plan that takes into account posts, beams and spans. A span is simply the distance on a beam/joist/truss between supports. The span of most houses are too large to have unsupported floor joists (usually 2”x10” lumber) since they should not span beyond 15’. Normally it is supported on a beam (or girder) that can be either wood or metal. (Girders are large or principal beams used to support concentrated loads at isolated locations along its length.)

__Wood beams can be one of three things:__ 1. wood that has been laminated together to provide the appropriate strength, 2. solid wood (these are much more expensive and not as available as they were in the past) 3. engineered wood products that have been created using wood, glues and pressure to withstand more force and load (e.g. LVL etc...)

__Metal beams are usually one of two common types__: 1. S-beams (previously known as I-beams) or 2. W-beams (wide-flange beams) which can support more weight and tend to be more stable than S-beams




 * If you wish to circumvent beams, lamination or man made options are available to do so, just remember it would take more material and expense. How much is ultimately decided by an engineer. A last option to avoid a beam is to create a load bearing wall in the basement. It must support the floor joist within the 15’ span as well. This wall must also have a foundation similar to the ones created for the basement wall or for the column foundation.
 * The usual route is to use a beam, which must span the length of the house foundation and rests on the outside walls. A good rule of thumb is that a beam requires a column to support it approximately every 10’. Figures 11-31 to 11-34 provide a good overview of these considerations but figure 11-34 is the most commonly practiced and usually is sufficient in a home. Finally, the post must be affixed to the beam either by bolts or clips.
 * Of course the post footings would have been poured at the same time as the foundation footings so this must be calculated in advance. An additional consideration while calculating the foundation size is the material the exterior of the house is to be. If the exterior is to be brick an additional 4” must be added to the foundation thickness to support the brick. Figure 12-3 is a great example to this an example of this.
 * After the footings and foundation / basement walls are complete, the area on the interior of the house must be filled, usually with crushed stone and then with 4-6” of firmly compacted sand. The concrete is poured on top of this to a minimum thickness of 4”. The floor extends above the footings on the inside of the house and should not be bonded to the footings or the interior walls and columns. Lastly, the floor should have a slight slope to allow for drainage.



Assignment #13 - Foundation Plan
Pick a house design of interest from the internet. You could be simply interested in its shape, or perhaps you like its curb appeal; regardless, save a copy of it as a *.jpeg. Try to determine its dimensions (if you manage to find a floor plan with it that could be useful), however, many homes have a square footage of 1200 sq ft. (approx, 30’x40’) so use dimensions similar to that to draw its basement plan. Use the “Procedure for Drawing a Basement Plan” on pg 265 to aid you in this task.

In CAD you are to include: 1) The footer 2) The foundation wall 3) Any relevant load bearing walls 4) Beam layouts (dotted lines) 5) Post layouts 6) Joist spacing (example of a few joists then a note saying - for example - 2"x10" SPF Joist 16" O.C.) 7) Dimensions 8) Any other relevant information


 * Note:** Future assignments will be based on this basement plan so try not to pick a very intricate model.

NB: Evaluation will take place in the Summative Package



Sill and Floor Construction


Wen creating the outer walls for your home we need to consider how the entire construction goes together. The sill plate as we said before is a 2”x6” piece of lumber on top of the foundation wall (seen at right). In platform construction, on top of that we have a header that caps off the joists that span your basement. The header is a 2”x10” (or larger) piece of lumber just like the joists. The header is nailed to the end of the joists to support the joists on end. Joists are spaced at 16” on center (which means that from the center of one joist to the center of the next we have 16”) and they have in general a 4” overhang on the wall, this length is inclusive in the 15’ span allowance. (Remember our statistics are based on spruce lumber which is the norm for Canada, other wood types may be softer and therefore would require different specifications). Alternatively, if the joists are "hung" then there is usually a rim-board that is bolted to the foundation top of the joists run flush with the level of the rim that hangs them. You can see joists that are hung for a deck at the image at right.

On top of the joists and header the wall is constructed using 2”x6” lumber (it is no longer economical to use 2”x4” as the new insulation regulations is R22 and the depth of a 6” wall to house it). If you use 2”x”4 lumber on the exterior walls they would have to be strapped (built out) to the 6” depth. Interior walls on the other hand can be 2”x4” lumber. The walls have a sill plate (the bottom length) and then have a double top plate. Generally walls are constructed on the ground and then lifted into place.

Floor trusses have what is called “bridging” (technically called nogging - seen at right) which is most often solid wood pieces between the trusses where they meet on top of the beam or girder. This is likely the most economical and efficient method. Although other methods are available, they are rarely used now and you are not responsible to know them. In locations where there is a break in the floor, i.e. for staircases etc. the floor joists must be doubled up, this is known as trimmer joists. Trimmer joists must enclose the entire opening and the joists would continue as if normal however, the joists are attached to the trimmer joists by metal hangers. Finally, as with discussion of types of beams, there are various engineered joist and beam systems these days including web-joists and wood I beams. [|Read more about them here].



Roof and roof-interface[[image:http://cloud.homedesignersoftware.com/1/images/design-articles/roofing-styles/roof-styles-1.gif align="right"]]
__Miscellany__ The 7 most common types:
 * Gable
 * Hip
 * Mansard
 * Flat
 * Shed
 * Gambrel
 * A-frame (a gable roof who's soffits drop almost to ground-level)

Contemporary styles often include variations of the basic roof types (i.e. gable with dormers, hip with gable etc.). Take a look at the roofs in new construction and they're quite often cross-hipped roofs that have multiple steps.

[|You should be familiar with 3 most common truss types]
 * W-type or Fink Truss
 * K-post truss or Howe Truss
 * Scissors truss

Typically trusses are placed either 24” on center or 16” on center for heavy load areas. Detailed areas like around dormers are reinforced as if they were separate gable roofs.

__Ventilation__ Be familiar with requirements to obtain adequate ventilation and why we want that ventilation (pg. 423 in the text) - namely that we want air movement. Principally, hot air to be expelled in the summers and avoids the collection of moisture which will result in roof damage (rot) and or mold.

The two main approaches to ventilating a roof are:
 * louvered openings (plates on underside of overhang (the soffit))
 * roof vents through the surface of the roof

__Roofing materials__
 * Asphalt shingles, wood shingles, tile, slate, copper, aluminum, galvanized steel, felt and tar layers, rubber membranes
 * Depends on cost, location, weight and “look” desired.



Assignment #14 - Typical cross-section of floor and ceiling
You are to trace the picture below in AutoCAD including all appropriate hash's and labels. Include ONLY the diagram from the middle of the first floor through to the roof.

NB: Evaluation will take place in the Summative Package

 =Take-home Test=



Phase One: Schematic Design (SD) All thoughts are organized during the Schematic Design phase. A __**program**__ is created for the project which lists the spatial requirements (number of bedrooms, size of the kitchen, material choices) from which all of subsequent designs are made. Things such as code analysis, specific zoning and environmental restrictions are made in the SD stage. Based on the Program and Code Analysis, preliminary design sketches of a site plan (the proposed building located on your site), floor plans (layout) and elevations (exterior views of the building). We will prepare an Outline Specification; a list describing the proposed products and materials to be used on the project, and depending on the size and complexity of your project, we may prepare multiple schemes and discuss with you the benefits and/or drawbacks of each. Our goal during this phase is to acquire a complete and accurate understanding of your intentions and project requirements. To be certain that we clearly communicate our ideas to you, we may use several different presentation methods such as 3D perspective drawings and/or models. Upon completion of the Schematic Design phase, we will prepare a preliminary cost estimate for each potential scheme for your use. Phase Two: Design Development (DD) All of the major decisions for the project will be made during Design Development. The sketches prepared during Schematic Design will be thoroughly detailed and developed into a complete set of design drawings. All the building materials, fixtures and finishes will be selected. A code review will be performed to confirm that the project meets with the limits and requirements established by any and all regulatory agencies. When Phase Two is complete, the project will be fully developed and you will be asked to approve the Design Development package and authorize us to proceed to the next step, preparing the Construction Documents. Phase Three: Construction Documents (CD) With the design fully developed, all the required technical information, such as dimensions and notes, will be added to the drawings. A Project Manual will be developed, which will include a final Specification document (a detailed description of every material and product used on the job) and various material lists (door schedule, window schedule, finish schedule, etc.). Combined, the Construction Drawings and the Project Manual become the legal documents from which a General Contractor will prepare a bid and ultimately construct your building. We will also prepare an Application for Building Permit at this time and submit the completed set of Construction Documents to the Building Department for their comments and approval. Phase Four: Bidding and Negotiations (BN) Once you approve the work completed in Phase Three, we will prepare a comprehensive Bid Package. This package includes a complete set of Construction Documents (Construction Drawings and Project Manual) and the Bid Requirements (instructions, due date, etc.). We will issue a package to each selected bidder. We will collect the bids on the scheduled due date and carefully review each one with you. If negotiations are required during the bidding process, we will assist you as necessary. Phase Five: Construction Administration (CA) This is the phase when all of our collective hard work comes together. During the construction of you project, we will make scheduled site visits to observe the progress and confirm that the project is being built as per the prepared Construction Documents. We will work closely with your General Contractor to keep the project on schedule and efficiently resolve any unexpected issues that may arise. When the project is close to completion, we will perform a “walk-through” with you and prepare a Punch List of items that need completion or modification. We will work with you until the project is complete and you are fully satisfied with the results.

Room Planning: Sleeping areas living areas service areas (kitchen/clothes/garage) Plans: plot footings/foundations/concrete foundation plans sill and floor construction wall and ceiling construction door and windows stairs floor plan roof design elevatations electrical (incl. wiring) plumbing HVAC Comprehensive New products (Sips/ICF/Concretewalls/weather resistant decking)

<span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 1655.5px; width: 1px;">Modern ArchitectureInterior Design Magazine <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 1655.5px; width: 1px;">Interior ArchitectureDwell Magazine <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 1655.5px; width: 1px;">Interior DesignArchitecture Magazine <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 1655.5px; width: 1px;">Design StylesFrank Gehry <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 1655.5px; width: 1px;">American DesignersMichael Graves <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 1655.5px; width: 1px;">Phillip Stark

<span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 1655.5px; width: 1px;">and any other ideas, people, resources that will help you..... <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 1655.5px; width: 1px;">Document your favourite styles, buildings, designers, rooms. <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 1655.5px; width: 1px;">Create a presentation format, record this information in a graphically pleasing layout. <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 1655.5px; width: 1px;">All photos must be accompanied with title, designer, site location that the information was found and any other pertinent information. <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 1655.5px; width: 1px;">Be prepared to discuss your information with the class. This assignment is meant to be a way to share information with classmates, and in return learn from your classmates.