TGJ3M_Multimedia_Design_Editing_Postproduction

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=Post-Production=

Postproduction is the process of EDITING your video footage. We use Adobe Premiere Elements, but there are dozens of other digital editing software applications such as:
 * BASIC EDITORS (free) - Windows MovieMaker, Apple iMovie, VirtualDub
 * CONSUMER EDITORS - Sony Vegas, Pinnacle Studios, Premiere Elements
 * ADVANCED EDITORS (costly) - Final Cut Pro, Adobe Premiere Pro

The goals of "Post-Production" editing are typically to:
 * TRIM raw footage to the essential content
 * ARRANGE the order of footage
 * Add //APPROPRIATE* and TASTEFUL//
 * TITLES
 * CAPTIONS
 * TRANSITIONS
 * GRAPHICS
 * SOUND EFFECTS
 * MUSIC
 * Adjust
 * SOUND LEVELS
 * IMAGE QUALITY


 * Appropriate means that the editing "enhances" the content; it gives content a professional appearance and makes it more effective

Inappropriate editing (ie excessive, random transitions, poorly designed titles, sound effects or music) can rob your production of integrity, and make it appear "amateurish".

==

=Setup and pane introduction=

1) First off, choose VIDEO EDITOR, then NEW PROJECT

2) Next CLICK ON EXPERT MODE

3) IMMEDIATELY click on FILE>Save As> and choose a location ON THE D DRIVE in a subfolder you make with the assignment name on it. If you don't do this now, Premiere will keep saving it temporarily to your server account and you will find the connection laggy and likely will crash Premiere.

4) Next we want to add media (video/audio clips, or graphics) to our project. We do so by clicking on Add Media. Notice our choices now. For the most part we'll be grabbing these assets from our hard drive so click on Files and Folders and navigate to the clip(s) we want to bring in.

The Main Screen for Premiere has three main areas -
 * PREVIEW lets you see a ROUGH draft of your movie - it's clarity and quality depend on how fast your computer is
 * Adjustments/Effects - where you can see all relevant information pertaining to the asset currently highlighted, be it position, size, opacity, any effects added etc... It's also where you'll see keyframing adjustments which are talked about in grades 11/12
 * TIMELINE is where you will assemble and compose your video clips, sound effects and graphics
 * ACTION BAR is where you can access the
 * Tools
 * Transitions
 * Titles&Text effects
 * Audio&Video Effects
 * Music and music enhancements
 * Graphics

5) Additionally, on the TIMELINE you'll have the "handle" to move around where you are in time. It's called a Current Time Indicator (CTI).

6) On the right side of the TIMELINE is an area which has the
 * 1) Render button - which applies all effects to a clip and outputs it to a temporary file and in RAM to make playback smoother. This can cause Premiere to crash if you're working with large clips and/or many different smaller 1080p clips and/or many different CPU intensive effects. ('enter' on your keyboard)
 * 2) Fit to timeline - takes all your clips and makes the timeline view zoom out to the point where everything visually fits on your monitor view. ('\' on your keyboard)
 * 3) Zoom out - zooms out of your clip view ('-' on your keyboard)
 * 4) Zoom in - zooms in on your clip view ('=' on your keyboard)

=Basic Editing=

Initial editing means trimming the raw clips down to extract just the moments you need to tell your story. There are dozens of editing tools to help you do this.

Drag some media from your Project Assets window down to your timeline in video 1, soundtrack and video 2 layers.

There are two ways to get content to shorten to the desired length Generally in Premiere Method #1 will result in what is known as a RIPPLE EDIT. That means that as you shorten the clip, you automatically delete the gap it creates between clips. In picture 1 below we see the TRIM cursor. In picture 2 we see what would happen if we did a regular trim edit of our clip in any professional grade program.
 * Method #1 || [[image:Premiere_Media_Aspect.jpg]] || Position the pointer over the left edge, or right edge of a clip that you want to trim until the correct icon appears ||
 * Method #2 || [[image:tgj2o_premiere_7.png]] || The clip will automatically be segmented into 2 parts at the playhead position ||





In Premiere Elements a trimming of our clip will result in an automatic RIPPLE EDIT which simply means that the clip will shorten, and all subsequent footage will move over and close the gap created.

Common contextual menu selections:

Often in editing we'll cut/copy/paste clips, but beyond that, what do we know about the contextual (right click) menu in Premiere Elements?

1) Delete Audio or Video- if we only wanted, say, audio or video from a track we could right click the clip, then choose the appropriate selection leaving behind what we wanted (for example, perhaps we ONLY wanted the audio, so we right click the clip, then choose delete video.

2) Enable - is used when we want to "see through" or ignore the video/audio track. This lets us focus on other things going on at that time. This is especially prevalent in video editing when we have multiple clips stacked on top of each other and only the top one (highest number) is visible by default. After unchecking ENABLE, you can re-enable it by applying the checkbox again when you're done ignore it.

3) Unlink Audio/Video - should you want to move the video separately from the audio, this is what you'd choose.

4) Group/Ungroup - useful for moving blocks of assets together if they're in multiple clips. This ensures you don't accidentally timeshift one clip relative to another.

5) Time Stretch - for those slow-mo or super-speed moments

6) Edit Original - lets you get back to the original state of the clip and re-edit it and replace it in your timeline at that point

 =Types of common transitions=

media type="youtube" key="OAH0MoAv2CI" width="560" height="315"
 * 1) A **cut**, the most basic type of transition, is a transition with no duration; when one shot ends, another one immediately begins, without any overlap. All other transitions gradually replace one shot with another; when one shot ends, another one gradually replaces it.
 * 2) **Fade**: This begins with a shot at full intensity and reduces until it is gone. A fade-in begins with a shot at no intensity and increases until it is full. These are the common “fade to black” and “fade up (from black)” transitions.
 * 3) **Cross dissolve**: This involves two shots. The first shot fades out while the second shot simultaneously fades in. During the cross dissolve, the two shots are superimposed as they fade.
 * 4) **Wipe**: This is where the screen splits, moving from one side of the image to the other to gradually reveal the next shot. It is more obvious than a fade or cross dissolve.

=J cuts vs. L cuts:= Sometimes you don't want "ping-pong" cutting, or switching back and forth between clips. It can lead to disorientation. In this case you can have your audio lead in before the video is shown, or the video shown before the audio occurs. If your audio cuts from the first clip to the second clip, but the video from the first clip continues, it forms an J shape in the timeline. However, If the video from the second clip comes in before the audio for that clip does, this forms a L shape in the timeline. In ancient times, before "timelines" or digital editing even existed, these cuts were known as "video advance" and "audio advance."

With thanks form VideoMaker.com

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 =Storyline Editing=

Remember the good editing tips from TGJ2O:
 * 1) Keep individual scenes short. Switch between A and B rolls so that you don't get bogged down in a particularly long clip (unless it's specifically part of the goal for the scene). Remember, 15 seconds of footage is typically the LONGEST you want to show any particular clip.
 * 2) Focus on the scene. Each scene needs to be taken from the rest of the whole when you are first story editing. It is important to think of the film as one large project, but it is important to remain focused on each piece individually right in the beginning.
 * 3) When you are editing a scene you need to have the script, notes, and any other production documents that you can possibly find. You want to maintain the appropriate pace of the scene, while at the same time getting all of the story elements that are important.
 * 4) You should keep your story arc always first and foremost at all times. Character development, plot, continuity all depend on a story that keeps going. If you get distracted, then the audience definitely will.
 * 5) The best thing to do is lay out the entire story of the film as plainly as you possibly can. Go through it and make sure that an uninitiated audience member will be able to pick up on all the plot elements, characters, and themes easily. From here other types of editing can be applied to mix it up, add energy, deal with aesthetic problems, and elevate the film to more than just a storytelling medium.

If you forget typical editing rules, then [|check out this article]. You may want to check it out anyhow.

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 =Sound Editing=

Consists of: 1) Voicework 2) Foley work and sound effects 3) Soundtracks

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=1) Recording Voicework= In the classroom, we use microphone equipped headsets to record voicework for multimedia productions. Adjust the headset so the mic is close to your mouth, and check that any switches and volume controls are turned on. Recording in early morning, at noon or after classes is ideal to minimize background noise.
 * **To Get Started:**

In the FRONT (or back) of the computers, OPEN THE BLACK HATCH and plug the headset's green (speaker output) and pink (mic input) cables into the appropriately coloured ports.
 * //Note how the cables are bundled up - please return the headset neatly in this condition at the end of your usage.//** || [[image:microphone.jpg caption="microphone.jpg"]] ||
 * **Plug In**:


 * //Please be VERY careful to restore the speaker cables to their original state at the end of your session.//** || [[image:computer_back.jpg caption="computer_back.jpg"]] ||

Once the headset has been plugged in, you have to set up the software to record your voice:

> (Note - if you set it too high while recording, your voice may trip Windows “circuit breaker”, and you’ll have to repeat these steps)
 * 1. SET UP THE WINDOWS MIC SETTINGS**
 * Double click the Audio icon at the bottom right of your screen
 * Use OPTIONS - PROPERTIES and choose RECORDING. The “Microphone” option should be checked on. Click OK when ready.
 * Use OPTIONS - PROPERTIES and choose ADVANCED CONTROLS
 * The “Microphone” SELECT should be checked ON. Click the new “ADVANCED” button that appears under that.
 * In the “ADVANCED” settings,
 * Turn on the “MIC BOOST”
 * Use the FRONT PANEL Microphone if it's available
 * Be sure SELECT is ON for the Microphone - set the slider about 60%
 * Close the volume box when complete

Also note that some microphones have an ON/OFF switch. Make sure it's ON!

> >> //(Hint - Try moving the mic closer to your mouth!)//
 * 2. INSTALL and START UP AUDACITY**[[image:audacity1.jpg width="339" height="260" align="right" caption="audacity1.jpg"]]
 * Install [|AUDACITY]if it's not already on the computer
 * If need be, change the input source to MICROPHONE in the top selection box
 * Press the RECORD button and speak to TEST your recording levels. Adjust the Microphone slider if required:
 * MIC SET TOO LOW: This yields faint audio that sounds “hissy” when amplified.
 * MIC SET TOO HIGH: This creates CLIPPING resulting in unacceptable distortion.
 * IDEAL LEVELS: The waveform fills the “canvas” without “Clipping”
 * Close any test tracks by clicking the X in the top left corner.


 * 3. WHEN YOU’RE READY TO RECORD**
 * Position your script so you can read it
 * RECORD YOUR DIALOGUE
 * SPEAK SLOWLY and CLEARLY
 * SPEAK EMPHATICALLY! If you don’t use an emphatic, upbeat voice, your dialogue can get lost under any video or animation, and you’ll need to re-record.
 * Record ALL your lines at once with a slight gap between them. Hit the STOP button when you’re done.


 * 4. PROCESS YOUR DIALOGUE**
 * Highlight a chunk of dialogue and hit the PLAY button to preview it
 * Delete the chunks of dialogue that is flawed
 * Amplify chunks of dialogue that are too low in levels
 * Trim and fade chunks to remove leading and trailing noise


 * 5. SELECT - SAVE YOUR DIALOGUE**[[image:Audacity2.jpg width="282" height="214" align="right" caption="Audacity2.jpg"]]
 * Highlight the first bit of dialogue you’d like to save. Preview it by click the PLAY button
 * Use **FILE | EXPORT //SELECTION// as WAV** to save that first clip. Repeat the process for any remaining audio clips.
 * Record all your dialoque at once, but save them into seperate files.
 * //NOTE: Be careful NOT to simply use [CTRL-S] or SAVE PROJECT - that creates a complex series of files in Audacity's project storage format. It will NOT create any useful files for you to import into any other program//.

If you've followed the instructions properly, your voiceover work is now in WAV format and ready to be imported into Premiere or Flash.

Be sure to
 * Coil up your headphones
 * Restore the plugs in the back of the computer
 * Return the headphones to the classroom teacher

=2) Sound Effects & Foley Work= [|source]

What is foley work?
Foley is a part of the post-production sound process where sound effects are performed and recorded in time with an edited film. Creating "real" sounding Foley is about having the right prop, performing the effect accurately and recording it in the correct acoustic space. Foley covers an incredibly wide range of sounds that are added to a film during post-production; everything from falling debris to footsteps, to garment rustles, to cutlery clinks, sloshing water, sword hits, kissing... you name it.

How are we to do/make Foley
We can use Audacity to do some of the recording and mixing in the studio. Foley work also relies on good old creativity.

Did you know that the Foley work for a broken bone is obtained by breaking celery next to the microphone!?!

Some places you might search for free sound effects:
 * [|FreeSound]
 * [|GRSites-Soundarchive]
 * [|MySoundFX.com] (requires free account creation)
 * [|SoundSnap]
 * [|SoundeScape] (mostly sound effects)
 * [|Soundbible]

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=3) Soundtracks=

Ideally - soundtracks flavour the film. For example - look at this excerpt from Empire Strikes Back media type="vimeo" key="136424687" height="281" width="500"

**I would recommend the following work-flow:**

 * 1) Start recording narrative
 * 2) Add Foley work on separate tracks
 * 3) Once done, select a piece of music from [|CreativeCommons.org], Jamendo or Soundcloud and save to your account - for example [|THIS PIECE]). ALTERNATIVELY MAYBE RECORD YOUR OWN!!! I highly recommend [|https://soundation.com.]To access the account section simply use your G+ ocdsb account to create an account. It provides a whole pile of loops that you can build, then export. In less than 1 minute I was able to mix the following- it's that easy (http://jmcintyre.wikispaces.com/file/view/mixdown.wav/557069855/mixdown.wav)
 * 4) tweak volume on your various sound layers to deliver the emotional content you're looking for.

 =Assignment # 10 Soundtrack to a clip= Use Soundation, Audacity and/or other mixing software or app of your choice (but please inform me ahead of time what you'll be using) to create an emotional piece of __**original music to a tense chase scene**__. You may actually play/record your own instruments and add this to a created environmental mix if you wish - but ask me about how to record instrument sound if this is your intention as this is more geared to grade 12.

When you're done, mix this clip as an audio track in a premiere, and give it an on-screen title and create a visual experience - get as many pictures (copyright free) as needed to complete the experience. We will screen them in front of the class. The original soundtrack is to last no longer than 1 minute, but no less than 30s. When done in Premiere - click on SHARE AND PUBLISH in the top right corner. Use the dropdown menu and choose COMPUTER>AVCHD. In the dropdown keep (or choose if it's different) MP4 - HD 720p


 * [|Jamendo] (music/finished - requires account creation)
 * [|soundcloud.com] (music/samples/tracks - requires free account creation)
 * [|opsound.org] (samples and tracks)
 * c[|cmixter.org] (samples)
 * [|FreeSound] (sound effects, samples, requires free account creation)
 * [|GRSites-Soundarchive]
 * [|AudioSauna] (sound mixing website)
 * [|SoundSnap] (samples/tracks)
 * [|https://soundation.com.] (sound mixing website)


 * **CATEGORY** || **4** || **3** || **2** || **1** ||
 * **Soundtrack** || The music created has emotional content and accents the video clip envisionned || The music created fits the emotional content of the video envisioned, but occasionally doesn't fit. || The soundtrack is original, but has enough flaws that it distracts the viewer. || The soundtrack is original, but is difficult to listen to for its flaws. ||
 * **Use of Time** || Used time well during each class period (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well during most class periods (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well (as shown by observation by teacher and documentation of progress in journal), but required reminders on one or more occasions to do so. || Used time poorly (as shown by observation by teacher and/or documentation of progress in journal) in spite of several reminders to do so. ||

==

One of the trickiest parts of video editing is knowing what file format you should save your work as. There are DOZENS of different video "formats" that you can use - the RIGHT choice depends on what you plan to do with the video. There is a fine art to choosing the right one for the right occasion, and it can lead to a career in any number of post-production studios.

media type="youtube" key="2clcs4N9cBs" width="560" height="315"

NOTE IN THE VIDEO ABOVE HE'S EUROPEAN AND THEY USE PAL, here in North America we choose NTSC, widescreen.


 * **USE** || **Format** || **Filesize** || **Quality** || **Compatibility** || Comments from tests ||
 * VIEWING || WMV (WindowsMedia) || Very small - a 13 second video uses 1 mb || Fair || Highly compatible with Windows computers || SLOW to render - a 13 second movie could take 2 minutes to cook ||
 * || MPG || Large - a 13 second video uses 10 mb || Good || Highly compatible with Windows computers || VERY large files, but a 13 second movie took 20 seconds to render ||
 * BURNING on a CD or DVD || AVI || Can be Small, with DivX Codec || Good || Good compatibility with most OS's as long as default codecs are used ||  ||
 * EDITING || DV AVI || Largest || Excellent || Highly compatible with Windows computers || Huge file sizes ||

Confused? Maybe this can help explain [|codecs and containers].



Render your projects into playable video files using the SHARE tab at the top right of your Premiere screen
 * Choose "Personal Computer"
 * Choose "Windows Media"
 * Name the file and point it to your D drive.
 * Under the dropdown menu Presets choose, NTSC>WIDESCREEN
 * Click the SAVE button to render the final product!

NEXT: Practical Projects