TGJ4M_MMProduction_postproduction

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=Post-Production=

Postproduction is the process of EDITING your video footage. We use Adobe Premiere Elements, but there are dozens of other digital editing software applications such as:
 * BASIC EDITORS (free) - Windows MovieMaker, Apple iMovie, VirtualDub
 * CONSUMER EDITORS - Sony Vegas, Pinnacle Studios, Premiere Elements
 * ADVANCED EDITORS (costly) - Final Cut Pro, Adobe Premiere Pro

The goals of "Post-Production" editing are typically to:
 * TRIM raw footage to the essential content
 * ARRANGE the order of footage
 * Add //APPROPRIATE* and TASTEFUL//
 * TITLES
 * CAPTIONS
 * TRANSITIONS
 * GRAPHICS
 * SOUND EFFECTS
 * MUSIC
 * Adjust
 * SOUND LEVELS
 * IMAGE QUALITY


 * Appropriate means that the editing "enhances" the content; it gives content a professional appearance and makes it more effective

Inappropriate editing (ie excessive, random transitions, poorly designed titles, sound effects or music) can rob your production of integrity, and make it appear "amateurish".

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== =Setup & basic editing reminders=

1) First off, choose VIDEO EDITOR, then NEW PROJECT

2) Next CLICK ON EXPERT MODE

3) IMMEDIATELY click on FILE>Save As> and choose a location ON THE D DRIVE in a subfolder you make with the assignment name on it. If you don't do this now, Premiere will keep saving it temporarily to your server account and you will find the connection laggy and likely will crash Premiere.

4) Next we want to add media (video/audio clips, or graphics) to our project. We do so by clicking on Add Media. Notice our choices now. For the most part we'll be grabbing these assets from our hard drive so click on Files and Folders and navigate to the clip(s) we want to bring in.

The Main Screen for Premiere has three main areas - 5) Additionally, on the TIMELINE you'll have the "handle" to move around where you are in time. It's called a Current Time Indicator (CTI). 6) On the right side of the TIMELINE is an area which has the
 * PREVIEW lets you see a ROUGH draft of your movie - it's clarity and quality depend on how fast your computer is
 * Adjustments/Effects - where you can see all relevant information pertaining to the asset currently highlighted, be it position, size, opacity, any effects added etc... It's also where you'll see keyframing adjustments which are talked about in grades 11/12
 * TIMELINE is where you will assemble and compose your video clips, sound effects and graphics
 * ACTION BAR is where you can access the
 * Tools
 * Transitions
 * Titles&Text effects
 * Audio&Video Effects
 * Music and music enhancements
 * Graphics
 * 1) Render button - which applies all effects to a clip and outputs it to a temporary file and in RAM to make playback smoother. This can cause Premiere to crash if you're working with large clips and/or many different smaller 1080p clips and/or many different CPU intensive effects. ('enter' on your keyboard)
 * 2) Fit to timeline - takes all your clips and makes the timeline view zoom out to the point where everything visually fits on your monitor view. ('\' on your keyboard)
 * 3) Zoom out - zooms out of your clip view ('-' on your keyboard)
 * 4) Zoom in - zooms in on your clip view ('=' on your keyboard)

 =Types of common transitions=


 * 1) A cut, the most basic type of transition, is a transition with no duration; when one shot ends, another one immediately begins, without any overlap. All other transitions gradually replace one shot with another; when one shot ends, another one gradually replaces it. [|Example]
 * 2) Fade: This begins with a shot at full intensity and reduces until it is gone. A fade-in begins with a shot at no intensity and increases until it is full. These are the common “fade to black” and “fade up (from black)” transitions. [|Example]
 * 3) Mix/Crossfade/Dissolve: This involves two shots. The first shot fades out while the second shot simultaneously fades in. During the cross dissolve, the two shots are superimposed as they fade. [|Example]
 * 4) Wipe: This is where the screen splits, moving from one side of the image to the other to gradually reveal the next shot. It is more obvious than a fade or cross dissolve. [|Example]

[|Source]

=J cuts vs. L cuts:= Sometimes you don't want "ping-pong" cutting, or switching back and forth between clips. It can lead to disorientation. In this case you can have your audio lead in before the video is shown, or the video shown before the audio occurs. If your audio cuts from the first clip to the second clip, but the video from the first clip continues, it forms an J shape in the timeline. However, If the video from the second clip comes in before the audio for that clip does, this forms a L shape in the timeline. In ancient times, before "timelines" or digital editing even existed, these cuts were known as "video advance" and "audio advance."



Initial editing means trimming the raw clips down to extract just the moments you need to tell your story. There are dozens of editing tools to help you do this.

Drag some media from your Project Assets window down to your timeline in video 1, soundtrack and video 2 layers.

There are two ways to get content to shorten to the desired length Generally in Premiere Method #1 will result in what is known as a RIPPLE EDIT. That means that as you shorten the clip, you automatically delete the gap it creates between clips. In picture 1 below we see the TRIM cursor. In picture 2 we see what would happen if we did a regular trim edit of our clip in any professional grade program.
 * Method #1 || [[image:Premiere_Media_Aspect.jpg]] || Position the pointer over the left edge, or right edge of a clip that you want to trim until the correct icon appears ||
 * Method #2 || [[image:tgj2o_premiere_7.png]] || The clip will automatically be segmented into 2 parts at the playhead position ||

In Premiere Elements a trimming of our clip will result in an automatic RIPPLE EDIT which simply means that the clip will shorten, and all subsequent footage will move over and close the gap created.

Common contextual menu selections: Often in editing we'll cut/copy/paste clips, but beyond that, what do we know about the contextual (right click) menu in Premiere Elements?

1) Delete Audio or Video- if we only wanted, say, audio or video from a track we could right click the clip, then choose the appropriate selection leaving behind what we wanted (for example, perhaps we ONLY wanted the audio, so we right click the clip, then choose delete video.

2) Enable - is used when we want to "see through" or ignore the video/audio track. This lets us focus on other things going on at that time. This is especially prevalent in video editing when we have multiple clips stacked on top of each other and only the top one (highest number) is visible by default. After unchecking ENABLE, you can re-enable it by applying the checkbox again when you're done ignore it.

3) Unlink Audio/Video - should you want to move the video separately from the audio, this is what you'd choose.

4) Group/Ungroup - useful for moving blocks of assets together if they're in multiple clips. This ensures you don't accidentally timeshift one clip relative to another.

5) Time Stretch - for those slow-mo or super-speed moments

6) Edit Original - lets you get back to the original state of the clip and re-edit it and replace it in your timeline at that point.

 =Advanced Editing=

Animating and Editing Keyframes
Clip Animation can be daunting at first - but once you understand how it works, it's quite easy. //ie. to make a TITLE CLIP start SMALL and zoom to FULL SIZE//
 * KEYFRAMES establish specific "states" of your clip's properties (ie SCALE, POSITION or OPACITY) at specific times in the movie.
 * Your clip will "TWEEN" between these keyframes
 * The first keyframe at the very start of the title should set it's SCALE property to 0
 * A keyframe one second later should set SCALE to 100

Here's the step by step: || Your animation is complete - SAVE your file and hit ENTER to test it out || || // source: JMay //
 * **1. Start Keyframe mode**
 * Right Mouseclick the TITLE clip, and SHOW PROPERTIES
 * Cue the timeline up to the very first frame of the TITLE
 * Click the "Show Keyframes" button in the top right corner of the properties window
 * Choose a property - MOTION and click the "Toggle Animation" clock icon || [[image:jmcintyre/Video_Keyframe01.png]]
 * **2. Adjust the FIRST keyframe**
 * (If need be Click the triangle to the left of the MOTION properties to open up it's controls)
 * SCALE the title clip down to 0 to shrink it || [[image:jmcintyre/Video_Keyframe05.png]] ||
 * **3. Set the SECOND keyframe**
 * Scrub ahead about 1 second (30 frames) to "CUE" the timeline to the next key moment of change for your clip
 * Adjust the size back to 100 (you can type it it if need be) - a new keyframe should appear
 * NOTES
 * You can DELETE a keyframe by selecting it and hitting the DELETE button
 * Use the triangular keyframe navigation controls to quickly jump from keyframe to keyframe || [[image:jmcintyre/Video_Keyframe04.png]] ||

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 =Storyline Editing=

Remember the good editing tips from TGJ3M:
 * 1) Keep individual scenes short. Switch between A and B rolls so that you don't get bogged down in a particularly long clip (unless it's specifically part of the goal for the scene). Remember, 15 seconds of footage is typically the LONGEST you want to show any particular clip.
 * 2) Focus on the scene. Each scene needs to be taken from the rest of the whole when you are first story editing. It is important to think of the film as one large project, but it is important to remain focused on each piece individually right in the beginning.
 * 3) When you are editing a scene you need to have the script, notes, and any other production documents that you can possibly find. You want to maintain the appropriate pace of the scene, while at the same time getting all of the story elements that are important.
 * 4) You should keep your story arc always first and foremost at all times. Character development, plot, continuity all depend on a story that keeps going. If you get distracted, then the audience definitely will.
 * 5) The best thing to do is lay out the entire story of the film as plainly as you possibly can. Go through it and make sure that an uninitiated audience member will be able to pick up on all the plot elements, characters, and themes easily. From here other types of editing can be applied to mix it up, add energy, deal with aesthetic problems, and elevate the film to more than just a storytelling medium.

If you forget typical editing rules, then [|check out this article]. You may want to check it out anyhow.

== =Assignment #5 - Post-Production Edit=

Using the clips provided, you are to cut the footage from Imagine Dragons provided to create a professional looking music video. Again, the only post-production I want in this work is the use of typical transitions (fades, cross-fades, cut). Don't get into any effects work.

In this assignment, watch ALL the clips to get an idea what kind of story you want to tell. While a storyboard isn't completely necessary since the footage is already there, it is a good idea to write something down ahead of time along with clip numbers, timecodes and shot lengths to keep your story idea alive.

Your finished product will be rendered and we will showcase it in the class during a rough screening. You will be evaluated as follows:

reminders on one or more occasions to do so. || Used time poorly (as shown by observation by teacher and/or documentation of progress in journal) in spite of several reminders to do so. ||
 * **CATEGORY** || **4** || **3** || **2** || **1** ||
 * **Story/Editing** || The story-arc is obvious and well-crafted without pandering. || The story arc is largely obvious and well crafted with few-to-no confusing scene choices || The story arc is understandable, but confusing at times. Choices in clips not always complimentary to the story. || The story arc is confusing, or barely present based on clip/scene choices. ||
 * **Use of Time** || Used time well during each class period (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well during most class periods (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well (as shown by observation by teacher and documentation of progress in journal), but required

 =Sound Editing=

The goal of sound editing in film is to aid in the storytelling. This can be achieved by the judicious use of:
 * 1) Voice-work (recorded dialogue either in conjunction with on-scene dialogue or behind it)
 * 2) Soundtracks (music behind the dialogue)
 * 3) Foley-work (replication of 'real sounds' of people or animals interaction with their environment)
 * 4) Sound effects (all other noises relating to the scene).

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=1) Recording Voicework=

During the production:
A) We can use a boom mic for dynamic scenes. It requires phantom power - which can be achieved through plugging it into the zoom mic's XLR ports at the bottom. Make sure to put in a pair of headphones so you can monitor the sound to ensure it's good quality. B) We can use a lavaliere mic. This allows us to capture dialogue with relatively static actor positions. The advantage is it wirelessly transfers to the receiver on the camera shoe and then into the camera itself. The drawback is if the actor(s) move their heads the sound capture distorts. Additionally, we only have a couple mics - so multiple people in a scene cannot be captured this way. We have Audio Technica lav's in the cupboard.

C) We have shotgun mics. These are pretty good "all purpose mics" but are the least desirable for [|end-quality production]in that they capture far more than just dialogue and have a limited working distance of @ 20'-40'. ABSOLUTELY get test footage from the area you are going to be filming in and listen to it on the computer before committing to the production.

After the production: we have several options to do voicework (ADR - additional dialogue recording):
A) We can use a zoom mic positionned in front of a screen so you can watch the raw footage. B) We can use the spark mic (USB) C) We can use another type of mic

 =media type="youtube" key="t8mzz4VvLh8" width="560" height="315"= =2) Sound Effects & Foley Work=

[[image:http://www.footstepsstudios.com/webhook-uploads/1448992468265/165003476.jpg align="left"]]What is foley work?
Foley is a part of the post-production sound process where sound effects are performed and recorded in time with an edited film. Creating "real" sounding Foley is about having the right prop, performing the effect accurately and recording it in the correct acoustic space. Foley covers an incredibly wide range of sounds that are added to a film during post-production; everything from falling debris to footsteps, to garment rustles, to cutlery clinks, sloshing water, sword hits, kissing... you name it.

Why Foley Work?
The location sound recordists main job is to clearly record the dialogue. Film sets are noisy places and many of the sound effects required for the film are too specific to be recorded in conjunction with the dialogue. In order to create comprehensive and rich sounds, each element of the sound must be distinct, and individually controllable. Only then does the Sound Mixer have the capability to effectively combine and balance all the sound elements in the final sound track. For example; the sounds of galloping horse feet must be separated from the rattle of the carriage, the bridle and reins, the dirt spray, and separate again from the distant horse feet that are in hot pursuit.

Sound Replacement
Film sets and many film props are traditionally constructed of very different materials than they are made to portray. That's where Foley comes to the dramatic rescue... replacing hollow plywood footsteps, foam rubber pipe hits, rubber swords and candy glass bottle breaks with realistic or enhanced 'movie' sound.

Jack Donahue Foley
The technique is named after Jack Foley, who performed this role at Universal Studios from the dawn of the "talkies". Jack spent most of his time "walking" the actors performances. Desilu Studios officially honoured Jack by naming its stage the "Foley Stage". The term stuck, and today it is used all over the world.

How are we to do/make Foley
We can use Audacity to do some of the recording, we also have a Mackie Mixer. At worst most of you have recorders in the form of your phones.

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Did you know that the Foley work for a broken bone is obtained by breaking celery next to the microphone!?!

**I would recommend the following work-flow:**

 * 1) Start recording narrative
 * 2) Add Foley work on separate tracks
 * 3) Once done, select a piece of music from [|CreativeCommons.org], Jamendo or Soundcloud and save to your account - for example [|THIS PIECE]). ALTERNATIVELY MAYBE RECORD YOUR OWN!!! I highly recommend [|https://soundation.com.]To access the account section simply use your G+ ocdsb account to create an account. It provides a whole pile of loops that you can build, then export. In less than 1 minute I was able to mix the following- it's that easy (http://jmcintyre.wikispaces.com/file/view/mixdown.wav/557069855/mixdown.wav)
 * 4) tweak volume on your various sound layers to deliver the emotional content you're looking for.

Some places you might search for free sound effects and full creative commons songs/soundtracks:
 * [|AudioSauna]
 * [|Jamendo] (music)
 * [|soundcloud.com] (requires free account creation)
 * [|opsound.org]
 * c[|cmixter.org]
 * [|FreeSound] (requires free account creation)
 * [|GRSites-Soundarchive]
 * [|MySoundFX.com] (requires free account creation)
 * [|SoundeScape]
 * [|https://soundation.com.]
 * [|freemusicarchive.org]
 * []
 * [|soundbible]

Great Sub-Reddits dedicated to sound recording/engineering
 * [|/r/AudioEngineering]
 * [|/r/EDMproduction]
 * [|/r/FL_Studio]
 * [|/r/AbletonLive]
 * [|/r/AudioPost]  - a place to discuss sound editing and mixing for media
 * [|/r/Cubase]
 * [|/r/futurebeatproducers]
 * [|/r/GameAudio]  - discussion about the process of creating audio for games
 * [|/r/linuxaudio]
 * [|/r/LocationSound]  - for those who record sound to picture in the field
 * [|/r/Logic_Studio]
 * [|/r/MaxMSP]
 * [|/r/ProductionLounge]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #336699; font-family: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|/r/Protools]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #336699; font-family: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|/r/RateMyAudio] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"> - when you need a critique for mix, mastering, or some other facet of audio work.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #336699; font-family: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|/r/Reaper]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #336699; font-family: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|/r/Reasoners]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #336699; font-family: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|/r/Remix]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #336699; font-family: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|/r/Renoise]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #336699; font-family: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|/r/Samplehunters]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #336699; font-family: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|/r/SongStems]
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #336699; font-family: verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[|/r/VSTi]

 =Assignment #6 - Mixdown= media type="youtube" key="brStDyPNI7w" width="560" height="315" Use Soundation, Audacity and/or other mixing software of your choice (but please inform me ahead of time what you'll be using) to mix an emotional piece of music into a clip given to you. The music for this piece is supposed to be designed for either:
 * Clip 1) a nostalgic piece where friends go playing in the ocean, but there's a bittersweet air to the experience.
 * Clip 2) is a completely poor family that lives in the back hills of North Carolina. Note the blue colour filter applied to the piece to make sure it's cold-looking
 * Clip 3) is a brotherly rivalry - a dark piece (both literally and figuratively) about one brother trying to keep up with another.

The clips can be found in the handout folder. Please note, you are submitting a completed volume-adjusted product for only ONE of the clips.

Note: you CAN simply level-adjust tracks that are premade instead of making your own, but of course the difficulty of mixing your own would imply that you are achieving the level 4 range far easier.


 * **CATEGORY** || **4** || **3** || **2** || **1** ||
 * **Soundtrack** || The music was created and has emotional content and accents the video clip || The music may be from a completed source, but it generally fits the emotional content of the video with appropriate levels being adjusted || The soundtrack is present, but little work has been done to adjust volume in "dialogue moments". || The soundtrack is present, but nothing has been altered to fit the clip ||
 * **End Product** || The resulting work is a masterful result of excellent mixes. || The resulting mix lends to the product, but the occasional element of the mixing choice distracts the audience. || Often errors in mixing/recording lead the viewer to distraction, though the product is generally acceptable || The mix of sounds is largely ignored and many elements of the sound are missing. ||
 * **Use of Time** || Used time well during each class period (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well during most class periods (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well (as shown by observation by teacher and documentation of progress in journal), but required reminders on one or more occasions to do so. || Used time poorly (as shown by observation by teacher and/or documentation of progress in journal) in spite of several reminders to do so. ||

 =Assignment #7 - Soundeffects & Foley Time!=

Grab the clip from the Fast and the Furious - the ORIGINAL from 1954- from the handout folder and create the foley sound for it. Include a soundtrack, narrative, any voice-work necessary and do all the Foley work for it. Use the websites listed above for generic noises. Use the computer in the sound room for any additional Foley work that requires you to create sounds (in a quiet environment) and transfer over the clips to your computer to combine them. .


 * **CATEGORY** || **4** || **3** || **2** || **1** ||
 * **Sound-effects** || All sound effects fit perfectly and seamlessly in the piece || The occasional sound-effect is mistimed or is too loud, but the work is largely successful || Sound effects largely work, though volume or timing occasionally distract the viewer || There are many flaws in either timing or volume which lead the viewer to disengage ||
 * **Foley** || All Foley work fits perfectly enhances the piece || The occasional Foley-work is mistimed or is too loud, but the work is largely successful || Foley-work is acceptable, though volume or timing occasionally distract the viewer || There are many flaws in either timing or volume which lead the viewer to disengage ||
 * **End Product** || The resulting work is a masterful result of excellent mixes. || The resulting mix lends to the product, but the occasional element of the mixing choice distracts the audience. || Often errors in mixing/recording lead the viewer to distraction, though the product is generally acceptable || The mix of sounds is largely ignored and many elements of the sound are missing. ||
 * **Use of Time** || Used time well during each class period (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well during most class periods (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well (as shown by observation by teacher and documentation of progress in journal), but required reminders on one or more occasions to do so. || Used time poorly (as shown by observation by teacher and/or documentation of progress in journal) in spite of several reminders to do so. ||