TDJ2O_architectural_design

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=Architectural Design=

In our exploration of architecture and architectural design.

Architecture is the art of designing and constructing buildings. Architectural design starts by drawing lines by a pencil. We can say that drawing lines is the base of an architectural design. There are following two very basic and important principles regarding to architectural design.
 * 1) Function follows form
 * 2) Form follows function

These principles are very important in architectural designing and planning. Every architect should follow one of them or both principles in its design. It will be successful design then.

Function follows form:
Function follows form is a principle associated with classic architecture. This idea espoused that you designed something in a particular way because that is how, say, churches, were supposed to look. E.g. a giant block limestone building complex with high walls is good for a prison, a large cross shaped building clearly would be used as a church.

Form follows function:[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Oldchicagostockexchange.jpg width="240" height="291" align="right"]]
Louis Sullivan is one of the forerunners of modern architecture. Better said, __t ell me what you want to use the building for, and I'll tell you how to build it __. Functionally - this means that as our needs as a public evolve, so do the types and methods/styles by which we build. Sullivan developed the shape of the Wainwright steel skyscraper in late 19th Century Chicago at the very moment when technology, taste and economic forces converged violently and made it necessary to drop the established styles of the past. If the shape of the building wasn't going to be chosen out of the old pattern book something had to determine form, and according to Sullivan it was going to be the purpose of the building. It was "form follows function", as opposed to "form follows precedent". Sullivan's assistant Frank Lloyd Wright adopted and professed the same principle in slightly different form—perhaps because shaking off the old styles gave them more freedom and latitude. [|source]

=What does it all mean?= Architecture has to do with the planning, designing and constructing form, space and ambiance that reflect functional, technical, social, environmental, and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of material, technology, light and shadow. Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimating and construction administration. As documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, architecture defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or any other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.

=How to Architect?=

media type="youtube" key="2Hw12xW5ZZ8" width="560" height="315" media type="youtube" key="fB4sGGgtHRk" width="560" height="315" media type="youtube" key="aHI_pLKqfMY" width="560" height="315" media type="youtube" key="wdsi0kLL1I8" width="560" height="315" media type="youtube" key="GtmlCjMAYd8" width="560" height="315" [I highly recommend the [|How to Architect] series on Youtube if you are interested in architecture. We'll be using this series as a sort of a textbook during the architecture unit over your 3 years of Design Technology.

Architecture is the study of...


 * Sociology
 * Psychology
 * Philosophy
 * Material Science
 * Engineering
 * Mathematics
 * History
 * Construction

....in the context of building structures for mankind.

Things to consider when designing a house:
- What type of house (1, 1.5, 2, split) - Site consideration (both on the lot and as a part of the larger community)
 * Cost and restrictions (deed/title/liens/easements/restrictions)
 * Zoning and codes (type of building, single family, multifamily, how tall, how far from road).
 * Topographic features (rock in ground, relief) determine lot layout.

- Traffic circulation
 * How you want flow between bedrooms, bathrooms, kitchen, family area.

- Bubble diagram - Block diagram - Sketch plan - Elevation sketch 
 * From there we go to a:**

Basic House types for residential architecture
For the purposes of our course there are 4 basic designs to choose from: one-story ranch, 1 ½ story, 2 story and split-level.

//TRY THIS: Calculate size necessary for 2400 sq.ft. ranch. Compare that to 2 story house.//

One Story Ranch:[[image:jmcintyre/ranch.JPG width="384" height="246" align="right"]]
- It may have a basement depending on where in the country it is built, but may also sit on a crawl-space or slab floor. - Chief advantage is that it lends itself to indoor/outdoor living (patios etc…) - Absence of stairs (benefits/drawbacks) - Low pitched roof and simple construction. - Disadvantages:
 * More expensive to build than other others with same square footage (more roof area).
 * Heating more expensive for northern climate
 * Larger lot

1 ½ story:
- Essentially a one-story ranch with a steeper roof so you get an attic space. Often called a "Cape Cod" the 1 1/2 story home was created to maximize living space yet have roof coverage over the 'walls' of the 2nd floor. In North America you get the 1950’s war-homes that are examples of these. - Dormers are added to get light into the attic.

- Cost per unit is low. - Heating costs are minimized due to outside wall area being relatively small (but hot attics in summer)

[[image:jmcintyre/1_1_2_story_a.JPG width="330" height="209" align="left"]]




Disadvantages:
 * Impinging ceiling on 2nd floor - any space under 5' in height is not considered to be living space.
 * Not suitable for the elderly. Often 1 1/2 story homes have steep switchback stairs.
 * If dormers are present, they increase the cost associated with roofing.

2 story house:[[image:jmcintyre/2story.jpg align="right"]]
- Smaller lot requirement - Heating and cooling relatively straightforward (heat rises) in the case of supplemental heating (wood stoves) - Cooilng is fairly easy because the living space is not in the attic. - sleeping space can often (usually) be separated from living spaces, or spaces of high traffic which increases privacy. - you can maximize light entering all areas of space.

Disadvantages:
 * Exterior maintenance is more costly.
 * 2 stories means staircases.....which are a drawback for elderly or the infirm.
 * basement is smaller than the equivalent area ranch home.
 * laundry facilities are usually in the basement, which means that laundry must ascend/decent 2 flights of stairs.
 * In the case of emergencies, you may have to exit a 2nd story to the ground.



Split level:
- Designs around sloped lots (but a bad idea if it’s a flat lot). - Efficient use of space as the general arrangement requires little or no hall space. - The basement footprint is about 40-60% of the overall space. - The intermediate level (“ground level”) is where patios etc… tend to be. - Variations (views of slope and elevation views of house)

Disadvantages:
 * the living space and entry spaces are usually at different elevations which means constant lugging of goods/materials up short flights of stairs in the home
 * even short flights of steps can be difficult for the elderly.
 * difficult to heat

== =Start Here=

[[image:http://www.marksusser.com/images/concept/bubble_diagram_w.jpg width="520" height="350" align="right" caption="Site Plan Bubble Diagram"]]
The big question is where do you start in an architectural design? First off, you think of who it is for. Next ask yourself what does it need to accomplish. Finally, you look at how you're going to get there. To that end, start your plan with a bubble diagram. 

Bubble Diagrams
Bubble diagrams are free flowing concepts to help you start getting ideas for your design. You can represent ALL aspects of a design with a bubble diagram from the site plan, to the building itself. Begin by taking your base floor plan and laying your tracing paper over the top of it. Keep your site programming and any notes and photographs you’ve taken handy as you may want to reference them throughout the process.

To start designing you begin with a “bubble diagram”. This bubble diagram defines spaces within the base plan. Later on, these spaces will be further developed to include specific rooms, circulation, and designated spaces. Start by sketching various shapes and sizes of bubbles. These bubbles represent areas within the base plan. But by using this freehand type drawing you are free to be creative and not confined to any specific elements. This is the time to have fun with the design process.



Bubbles can represent different areas, and any other amenities you would like to have in your building. This diagram will provide a general organizational structure for a design. It is similar in effect to what an outline is for a written report. Remember, you are not concerned about specifics at this time, but rather overall design concepts. This is a creative function; don’t over think the process; just put your pencil to paper and start drawing circles, ovals, etc. and get some ideas flowing.

These diagrams are very critical to the overall design process. The reasoning behind doing several bubble diagrams is that they encourage you as a designer to explore various design solutions. This is an excellent time to experiment with overall shapes and decide things such as whether you want the design to be formal or informal. One common mistake people make is to get too specific while drawing the “bubble” diagrams. Getting too specific too soon makes you forget that there are other design possibilities available for the design.

As you are playing with your design, label your “bubble areas”. If you like, use colored pencils to distinguish your different areas. Compare the various sizes of your “bubbles” to make sure your areas are proportional. It is important to keep the appropriate scale of features and areas as you will transfer these ideas over to your final drawing.

Remember, several of the types of spaces to incorporate into your bubble diagram area as follows: 1) Private areas. 2) Public areas. 3) Circulation areas.





Block Diagram
A block diagram is nothing more than a refinement of the bubble diagram. In the bubble diagram the intention is simply to outline the areas you want in a home, then show their interconnectedness. Positioning isn't critical in a bubble diagram.

Conversely - in a block diagram, positioning becomes important. Room sizes and relative locations are put down on paper. Interconnectedness is brought over from the bubble diagram.

The block diagram however still doesn't show furnishings, door positions (though roughly), or interior/exterior walls.



Sketch Plan


A sketch plan takes what has preceded it (the bubble and block diagrams), and forms the foundation (pardon the pun) for the house plan to follow. A sketch plan still doesn't include dimensions, though all wall/item dimensions should be relatively accurate so that the viewer can a firm idea of what the final house plan will look like. Door paths and relative wall thicknesses should be addressed and all interior features should be visible.

Remember - all exterior walls are typically 2x the thickness of interior walls for the purposes of the sketch plan (though in reality a 10" exterior wall is becoming the custom home standard....the 8" exterior wall is still the 'cardboard house standard').



Elevation Sketch
There are a variety of elevation sketches that one can make of a house. Front, side and back elevations all show the 'look and feel' of a house from the exterior perspective (pardon the pun).

An elevation sketch should **not** have perspective, but should include relative proportions from the view of the house. The sketch should include landforms, should they exist, as well as rough rooflines, window and door placements, and balconies if applicable.

Elevation sketches should also include items such as rough landscape features as well as trees/shrubs.The sketch may also include hints of cladding (what the finished exterior will look like) as well as shading effects.



Assignment #11 - Bubble, Block and Sketch Plans
You are to use a floor plan from an architecture magazine in the room, or from the internet, or even measure and use your own house. You are to work "backwards" in creating a bubble plan, then a block plan, then a sketch plan from this. Submit them once complete.

NOTE: rough room sizes and criteria can be found below in the room planning section

Evaluation:
You should include:
 * bubble diagram
 * block diagram
 * sketch plan


 * **CATEGORY** || **4** || **3** || **2** || **1** ||
 * **Bubble diagrams**
 * ** || Bubble drawings well illustrate relevant connections and house ideas || Bubble drawings are generally good and address building plans || Generally the bubble drawings convey design ideas. Diagrams however may be too vague in areas || The plan can generally be understood, though relevant connections/plans are flawed or missing. ||
 * **Block diagrams**
 * ** || Relevant views of the rooms are clear || All rooms are present, though there may be confusion in the drawings || Generally the drawings can lead towards a final product, but there are flaws in which construction details may be obscured || There are large errors in the object views - such that construction will be difficult based on the schematics. ||
 * **Sketch plan**
 * ** || Room placement/location is well thought through. All relevant connections and major furnishings are present. Openings are roughed in as well as wall thicknesses. || Generally the plan is well thought through. Though all relevant connections and furnishings are present there are a few missing features. || The plan is generally sound, though is missing features, or features may be too vague to comprehend. || The plan is missing major features, but can generally be understood. ||
 * **Use of Time**
 * ** || Used time well during each class period (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well during most class periods (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well (as shown by observation by teacher and documentation of progress in journal), but required reminders on one or more occasions to do so. || Used time poorly (as shown by observation by teacher and/or documentation of progress in journal) in spite of several reminders to do so. ||



Assignment # 12 - Planning process[[image:jmcintyre/sunny_sloping_lot.jpg align="right"]]
You are going to draw a bubble plan, a block plan and a sketch plan and an elevation sketch for a 1600 sq. ft. house //__**on each**__// of the following lots:

A) A sunny gently sloping lot of 180' x 245' (~1 acre). You're looking at lot 5 and the slope of the lot runs from north to south. The lot is devoid of trees. You can see the house is going to be situated in the NW corner of the lot and the 'narrow end' of the house will be facing the entrance road. The lot generally drops 5 feet over the space the house should occupy. The google map location below shows the view towards the lots available (and is a way of getting a feeling for the placement of the lot). On the picture at right, the camera placement for the google map location is at the extreme far left bottom corner (e.g. the house on the corner of the streetview of the road is the farmhouse in the aerial picture at the bottom left).

NOTE: rough room sizes and criteria can be found below in the room planning section media type="custom" key="29187659"

B) A narrow lot in a community that won't allow front-facing garages. The lot itself is a 85' x 310' waterfront lot and has a steep grade towards the water. Over the 310' of the property the lot drops 38'. Most of which occurs over the last 110' of the lot. The picture at right is the dock with tires you can see in the Google map location shown below.



media type="custom" key="29187725"

Evaluation:
You should include:
 * bubble diagram
 * block diagram
 * sketch plan
 * elevation sketch

__**for each of the lots listed in A and B.**__


 * **CATEGORY** || **4** || **3** || **2** || **1** ||
 * **Bubble diagrams**
 * ** || Bubble drawings well illustrate relevant connections and house ideas || Bubble drawings are generally good and address building plans || Generally the bubble drawings convey design ideas. Diagrams however may be too vague in areas || The plan can generally be understood, though relevant connections/plans are flawed or missing. ||
 * **Block diagrams**
 * ** || Relevant views of the rooms are clear || All rooms are present, though there may be confusion in the drawings || Generally the drawings can lead towards a final product, but there are flaws in which construction details may be obscured || There are large errors in the object views - such that construction will be difficult based on the schematics. ||
 * **Sketch plan**
 * ** || Room placement/location is well thought through. All relevant connections and major furnishings are present. Openings are roughed in as well as wall thicknesses. || Generally the plan is well thought through. Though all relevant connections and furnishings are present there are a few missing features. || The plan is generally sound, though is missing features, or features may be too vague to comprehend. || The plan is missing major features, but can generally be understood. ||
 * **Elevation**
 * ** || All aspects of the front or side view are present and exemplary || All aspects of the front or side view are present, though may require some work || The front or side sketch is missing key features, but generally is understandable. || There are many flaws in the front or side view of the building. ||
 * **Use of Time**
 * ** || Used time well during each class period (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well during most class periods (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well (as shown by observation by teacher and documentation of progress in journal), but required reminders on one or more occasions to do so. || Used time poorly (as shown by observation by teacher and/or documentation of progress in journal) in spite of several reminders to do so. ||

 =Plot Plan= - Shows location of house on site. - Shows topographic features as well as lot size/dimension. - Survey lines as well as setbacks are featured on the plot plan.

 =Foundation Plan=

- shows foundation size and material. - Give info. Relating to drainage, excavation, supporting structures (I beams, floor support etc…) - Could include basement info. If applicable. - While spanned floorspace requires support (i.e. beams and joists), garages and porches require only the outside foundation wall, then packed gravel to the height of the finished grade.

Tricks to a foundation plan:



Foundation Exercise:
Try indicating the direction of the beams and joists for the following foundations:



 =Floor Plan= - Shows exterior and interior walls, doors, windows, patios, walks, decks, fireplaces and major furnishings (e.g. tables, beds, counters, major appliances) - Dimensions for major rooms may be added as external dimensions, or interior room sizes (under the room labels) - A separate floor plan is required for each floor.

 =Elevations= - Are drawn for each side of the structure (orthographic). - Placement of windows, doors, types of exterior material, chimney, rooflines - Shows material types and dimensions



 =Sections=

- show detail of house walls or floors or roofs. - as if a giant knife had cut through the house at that location (for vertical sections).

 =House building process=

House building statistics:


 * **Year** || **1945** || **1955** || **1965** || **1975** || **1985** || **1995** || **2005** ||
 * Housing starts || 59,900 || 115,420 || 155,128 || 180,952 || 180,000 || 110,993 || 206,830 ||
 * Av. sell price || 5500 || 13000 || 17400 || 35500 || 80500 || 103000 || 187200 ||
 * Wage of carpenter || 1.05 || 2.30 || 3.46 || 8.30 || 18.37 || 26.20 || 30.74 ||
 * Minimum construction time (weeks) || 30 || 20 || 10 || 9 || 8 || 8 || 8 ||

Notes: building materials and construction choices cause this to vary. Here is [|a fairly comprehensive list] (PDF warning).

Some examples of the building materials I've seen an used personally: []

Really non-standard construction options: []

media type="youtube" key="XDfXnXJ7HI8?version=3" height="315" width="560"

- Shows location of house on site.

Stages of construction:
Typically 16 weeks from start to finish - but can be done in as short as 8-9 weeks

(horizontal) || plans/financing || layout of building || excavation/footing || foundation, drainage, backfill || framing || pluming, heating, electrical || exterior (incl. landscaping) ||
 * **Stages**
 * **Weeks** || pre-construction – plans, estimates, permits, temp. power || Usually a single day to have observances of setback, surveyor etc… || as little as a single day to excavate. The footing takes a few days. Trenches for hookup || several days includes pouring, curing concrete as well as damp-proofing foundation and backfilling it || about 2 weeks is needed to makes walls/roof. Chimney, stairs and installation of pre-manufactured items (windows, exterior doors are usually another week) || framing is done all the HVAC, wiring is done. About 2 weeks is needed || about same time HVAC/electrical/plumbing is being done) exterior air barrier, house wrap (Tyvek, Typar). Brick, trim and millwork also ||
 * 1 || X ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 2 || X ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 3 || X ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 4 || X ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 5 || X || X || X ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 6 ||  ||   || X ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 7 ||  ||   ||   || X ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 8 ||  ||   ||   ||   || X ||   ||   ||
 * 9 ||  ||   ||   ||   || X ||   ||   ||
 * 10 ||  ||   ||   ||   || X ||   ||   ||
 * 11 ||  ||   ||   ||   || X || X ||   ||
 * 12 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   || X || X ||
 * 13 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || X ||
 * 14 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || X ||
 * 15 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || X ||
 * 16 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || X ||

 =Room planning=

Sleeping area:
- # bedrooms can make/break selling and living in a house. - 3 bedroom is most saleable, but with a trend towards home offices 4 is often more desirable. - Bedrooms may be designed as a split plan which segregates the rooms off from living areas to minimize noise disruptions (either on a wing, or on another floor AND wing. - Sizes of bedrooms at 100 sq. ft. + - Arc-fault plugs are necessary to prevent fire - Large bedrooms are over 175 sq. ft. - It’s always a good idea when planning a sleeping area to make rough shapes of dressers/beds to make sure shapes fit properly in the area that are free of windows/doors etc… - When designing for accessibility it’s important to make a 3’ path available to persons in wheelchairs to make the house more saleable.

Closet
- All rooms to be considered to be bedrooms must have a closet. It must have at least 4 linear feet of rod for a male or 6 ft. of linear rod for a woman. - If a bedroom room has 3 outside walls for some reason, one wall should be taken for closet to minimize breezes. - Closet doors can be standard, sliding, bifold, pocket or accordion depending on appearance desires and space constraints.

Windows/doors
- Wide short windows (called ribbon) may be desirable if windows are on ground level if privacy is an issue. - 2 windows are ideal, but breezes should not cross the bed area. - Doors should swing into the bedroom and typically be located in corners of the room to maximize wallspace. - Again, doors can be standard, sliding or pocket depending on space considerations.

Kitchen
- plugs mounted in kitchen must be GFCI - no code for size, but typically no less than 75 sq. ft.with the average creeping higher as kitchens become increasingly centers of guest entertainment and focal points in the house - account for traffic flow and the 'golden triangle' of kitchen design (stove/sink[counter]/refrigerator)
 * Each leg of the triangle should be between 4 and 9 feet
 * The total of all three legs should be between 12 and 26 feet
 * No obstructions (cabinets, islands, etc.) should intersect a leg of the work triangle
 * Household traffic should not flow through the work triangle

Bathrooms
- Often designs for houses will indicate the minimum number of baths needed, but the rule of thumb is that you need at least 1 ½ baths for a 2 story house. (full bath means tub/shower, ½ bath are toilet/sink) - Splits are considered to need the same as 2 story houses, as are large ranches (often ranches should have 2 full to accommodate the potential large footprint). - ¾ occur and are shower, toilet, sink - locating plumbing pathways near to each other minimizes cost. - Minimum size of bathroom is about 5’x8’ where a large bathroom is >10’10’ - It must have ventilation & GFCI’s by code.

Living Rooms
- It should be a functional part of the home, but at the same time be beautiful and charming. - Average sized is about 250 sq. ft. - Natural traffic patterns in the house should not pass through the living room. - Furnishing and orientations should reflect use (e.g. tv or not)

Windows and doors
- living rooms should be oriented for comfort and energy (e.g. good sun exposure in northern climates, northern exposure in southern climates) - décor should be used to reflect and complement the existing natural materials and hide flaws or weak aspects to the room. - If space provides it, separate TV viewing area from living room (2 separate rooms).

Dining Rooms
- plans include open or closed (an area vs. a room) - temporary screens or partitions may be used if you are looking for a closed feel in an open room. - Sizes are in the order of 120 sq.ft. For seating for 4 with a buffet. 12'x15' for 6-8 people while 14x18' for more. - Typical furnishing includes table, chairs, buffet, china closet and some sort of server or cart. - Outdoor vantage points are considered desirable. - 32” of space between table and chairs are considered to be optimal for wheelchairs.

Location and decor
- located near to the family room as well as proximity to the kitchen to allow natural movement. - Décor and lighting reflect a happy environment. Colour schemes are important.



Relevant dimensions for designing houses:
Door openings: 30"x80", 34"x80" are wheelchair accessible Window openings: usually no smaller than 24" Kitchen: Wall thickness':
 * counter top heights: 36" above ground x 24" depth, 8" toe kick space. Counter depth is 30"
 * stove/fridge 24" - 36" depth (24" typical)
 * interior - 2x4 framing which means 3.5 inches. Drywall is about 4" (actually closer to 4 1/8")
 * exterior
 * foundation
 * 8" concrete - footing extends an additional 6" to 8"
 * ground floor
 * 2x6 or 2x8 framing which means 5.5 inches or 7.5 inches thick
 * cladding
 * vinyl siding is 3/4" finished
 * brick 1" air space - brick thickness is 2.5"
 * cultured stone varies between 2"-6"
 * stacked stone dry varies between 1"-5"
 * wood - no air space, wood typically 3/4"

Typical garage sizes

 =Assignment # 13 - Plan a house=

Evaluation:
You should include:
 * foundation plan done in AUTOCAD
 * floor plan done in AUTOCAD
 * house done in SKETCHUP (including walls/roof etc...)

Take one of the houses you made in Assignment #13 and tweak it such that all codes are adhered to. Complete the house modeling such that you have all major furnishings in Sketchup and AutoCAD.


 * **CATEGORY** || **4** || **3** || **2** || **1** ||
 * **AutoCAD foundation plan**
 * ** || All relevant foundation details are present including joists, beams, footings and posts || Foundation details are largely present with a few minor exceptions. || Generally the foundation shows detail however the diagram may be too vague in areas || The plan can generally be understood, though relevant items may flawed or missing. ||
 * **AutoCAD floor plan**
 * ** || All relevant room and wall details are present and done impeccably. || All room and wall details are present, though there may be confusion in the drawings. || Generally the drawings can lead towards a final product, but there are flaws in which construction details may be obscured || There are large errors in the floor plan- such that construction will be difficult based on the schematics. ||
 * **Sketchup house model**
 * ** || House exterior and interior finished with attention to detail on all major items. || Generally the house is planned and drawn. Not all relevant details are present as such there are a few missing features. || The model is generally sound, though is missing features, or features may be too vague to comprehend. || The plan is missing major features, but can generally be understood. ||
 * **Use of Time**
 * ** || Used time well during each class period (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well during most class periods (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well (as shown by observation by teacher and documentation of progress in journal), but required reminders on one or more occasions to do so. || Used time poorly (as shown by observation by teacher and/or documentation of progress in journal) in spite of several reminders to do so. ||

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">- Shows location of house on site. <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; margin-left: 36pt; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -18pt; top: 8277px; width: 1px;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">- Shows topographic features as well as lot size/dimension. <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; margin-left: 36pt; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; text-indent: -18pt; top: 9985px; width: 1px;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">- show detail of house walls or floors or roofs. <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: -40px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 13049px; width: 1px;">several days includes pouring, curing concrete as well as damp-proofing foundation and backfilling it