TIJ1O_AutoCAD

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=AutoCAD=

AutoCAD (computer-aided-design) is a high-end program that is used by designers the world over to realize their ideas. AutoCAD not only allows you to design in 2D and 3D but it also has, as output options, the ability to send information from your designs to [|CnC routers], and [|3D printers] for modeling. We will follow [|this basic reference guide]as we begin to head through the world of AutoCAD.



1) Introduction
//[|source]//  Everything that you draw in AutoCAD is exact. All objects drawn on the screen are placed there based on a simple X,Y coordinate system. In AutoCAD this is known as the World Coordinate System (WCS). You must understand this to know how to put things where you want them. Below are diagrams showing you how this system works:
 * The X,Y coordinate system**

In order to work effectively with AutoCAD, you have to work with this system. Until you are comfortable and familiar with it, learning AutoCAD will be more of a chore. Your life will be made MUCH easier once you understand this world-space.

__Here is how it works:__ AutoCAD uses points to determine where an object is located. There is an origin where it begins counting from. This point is (0,0). Every object is located in relation to the origin. If you were to draw a line straight out to the right from the origin, this would be considered the positive X-axis. If you were to draw a line straight up, this would be the positive Y-axis. The picture above shows a point located at (9,6). This means that the point is 9 units over in the X-axis and 6 units up in the Y-axis. When you are working with points, X always comes first. The other point shown is (-10,-4). This means that the point is 10 units in the negative X-axis (left) and 4 units in the negative Y-axis (down).

A line has two points, a start point and an end point. AutoCAD works with the points to display the line on the screen. Move your cursor over the picture above and you will see line drawn from the absolute points of (-10,-4) to (9,6).

Most of the time you will not have an indication of where the origin is. You may need to draw a line from the endpoint of an existing line. To do this you use relative points. These work the same way, but you have to add the @ symbol to tell AutoCAD that this next point is relative from the last point entered. If you're using the mouse of course, you need not entirely worry about your coordinates, other than to place the endpoint of your lines. We'll talk more of this later.  AutoCAD measures angles in a particular way also. Look at the diagram below:
 * Angular Measurement**



When drawing lines at an angle, you have to begin measuring the angle from 0 degrees, which is at the 3 o'clock position. If you drew a line at 90 degrees, it would go straight up. The example above (when you move your mouse over it) shows a line drawn at +300 degrees (270+30), or -60 degrees.

You might not always have an obvious reference point for 0 degrees. Look at the example below and place your mouse on the image to find out the angle in question.

In this example, you are given information about the lines, but not the angle AutoCAD needs to draw the line from the start point. What you are given though, is (a) the knowledge that 0° is at the 3 o'clock position (b) the knowledge that 180° is at the 9 o'clock position and (c) the angle between 180° and the line you want to draw is 150°. With this information, you can figure out what angle you need. Here is a fool-proof way of getting the angle you need:


 * 1) Start at the 0° position and measure counter-clockwise (+) to 180°
 * 2) From 180°, measure clockwise 150° (-)
 * 3) Consider that you just went +180-150 and use that as an equation: +180-150=30
 * 4) Now you can draw your line using polar coordinates (discussed below)

You can enter points directly on the command line using three different systems. The one you use will depend on which is more applicable for the situation. The first assignment will get you used to this. The three systems are as follows:
 * Summary: Entering Points in AutoCAD**

ABSOLUTE CO-ORDINATES - Using this method, you enter the points as they relate to the origin of the WCS. To enter a point just enter in the exact point as X,Y.

RELATIVE CO-ORDINATES - This allows you to enter points in relation to the first point you have entered. After you've entered one point, the next would be entered as @X,Y. This means that AutoCAD will draw a line from the first point to another point X units over and Y units up relative to the previous point.

POLAR CO-ORDINATES - You would use this system if you know that you want to draw a line a certain distance at a particular angle. You would enter this as @D<A. In this case, D is the distance and A is the angle. Example: @10<90 will draw a line 10 units straight up from the first point.

The three ways of entering coordinates shown above are the ONLY way AutoCAD accepts input. First decide which style you need to use, and then enter as shown. Remember that X is always before Y (alphabetical). Don't forget the '@' symbol when you are entering relative points. Any typing error or omission will give you results you don't want. If you make a mistake all you need to do is CTRL-Z to undo, or press F2 to see your entry to figure out what you did wrong.



2) Drawing and Modifying
//[|source]// AutoCAD allows you to have access to a large number of commands. A general rule is that you will use 20% of the commands 80% of the time. I will start by introducing you to the most common drawing commands. When you combine these with the basic modify commands, you will be able to make elaborate drawings quite quickly. In other words, most of the commands you will use while using AutoCAD are taught in Level 1.

The important thing to remember is that AutoCAD will expect you give it information in a very particular order. The most frustrating thing when you begin using this program is that you will try to do something, but AutoCAD will 'not work'. In most cases, it means that you are trying to input information at the wrong time. This is why it is very important to be in the habit of looking at the command line.

__**The command line tells you what information AutoCAD requires to continue!**__

Your first drawing assignments will be to use the drawing commands in conjunction with the co-ordinate system. These are basic assignments, but it is very important to understand how to give the program accurate information. You will use the following commands:


 * **Command** || **Keystroke** || **Icon** || **Location** || **Result** ||
 * Line || Line / L || [[image:http://www.we-r-here.com/cad/tutorials/level_1/images/line_icon.gif width="40" height="54" align="center" caption="Line Icon"]] || __H__ome > __LI__ne || Draw a straight line segment from one point to the next ||
 * Circle || Circle / C || [[image:http://www.we-r-here.com/cad/tutorials/level_1/images/circle_icon.gif width="32" height="22" align="center" caption="Circle Icon"]] || __H__ome> __C__ircle > Center, __R__adius || Draws a circle based on a center point and radius. ||
 * Erase || Erase / E || [[image:http://www.we-r-here.com/cad/tutorials/level_1/images/erase_icon.gif width="24" height="22" align="center" caption="Erase Icon"]] || __M__odify > __E__rase || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: left;">Erases an object. ||

By now you have probably seen a colored rectangle appear on your screen when you left-click and the move the crosshairs around. You'll learn all about these in this lesson. AutoCAD uses what's called a selection set to allow you to group objects together and then modify them. For example, if you want to erase several lines, you could press E <ENTER>, pick on the line, press <ENTER> again and repeat until you're done. Another way would be to press E <ENTER>, and then pick the lines one by one until they are all selected, and press <ENTER>. By selecting a group of objects, you have created a selection set. Whenever you want to modify an object, and are asked by AutoCAD to "select objects" you can create a selection set and then apply the command.

__**REMEMBER TO PRESS ENTER WHEN YOU ARE FINISHED SELECTING THE OBJECTS**__

There are also a few other ways to create a selection set. The most common way is to use a window.

There are two very different types of windows you can use.


 * <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">**DIRECTION** || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">**CALLED** || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">**DISPLAY** || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">**EFFECT** ||
 * <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">RIGHT TO LEFT || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">CROSSING SELECTION || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">GREEN

<span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">(with a dotted outline) || <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">SECLECTS ANY OBJECT THAT EITHER CROSSES THE BOUNDARY OR IS INSIDE IT ||
 * <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">LEFT TO RIGHT || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">WINDOW SELCTION || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">BLUE || <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">SELECTS ON OBJECTS THAT ARE COMPLETELY WITHIN THE BOX ||

One is a 'crossing window' and the other is a box. If you create the window from right to left, you make a crossing window. This means that any object that crosses the border or is surrounded by the window is added to the selection set. This is shown as a green rectangle with a dotted outline on the screen. If you create the window from left to right, you create a box. Using this method you'll add only the items that are completely within the box. This is shown as a blue box on the screen. The difference is very important.

3) Trim, offset, rectangle, extend
Using the following link: [] you are to recreate the following pictures exactly, including text and dimensions: //(note: the version of AutoCAD used in the tutorial is AutoCAD 2010, but our version of AutoCAD (2007) will work just fine - you'll just need to know where the symbols are in our version)//

The previous lesson dealt with drawing commands. This lesson will introduce some common modifying commands. In AutoCAD, you may actually use modifying commands more often than drawing commands. Now that you know the basics, here's some more commands to add to your collection. Three commands, Trim, Extend and Offset are used standard AutoCAD work. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;,Courier,mono; font-size: 16px;">**REC** || || <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">__H ome > Draw >__
 * <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">**Command** || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">**Keystroke** || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">**Icon** || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">**Location** || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">**Result** ||
 * <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Rectangle || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;,Courier,mono; font-size: 16px;">**RECTANGLE /**

<span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">__Rectan__g__le__ || <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Draws a rectangle after you enter one corner and then the second. ||
 * <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Trim || <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: &#39;Courier New&#39;,Courier,mono; font-size: 16px;">**TRIM / TR** || [[image:http://www.we-r-here.com/cad/tutorials/level_1/images/trim_icon.gif width="22" height="22" align="center" caption="Trim Icon"]] || <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Home > __M__odify >

<span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">__T__rim || <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Trims objects to a selected cutting edge. || || <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">__T__ools > Object
 * <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Extend || <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,mono; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">**EXTEND / EX** || [[image:http://www.we-r-here.com/cad/tutorials/level_1/images/extend_icon.gif width="22" height="22" align="center" caption="Extend Icon"]] || <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Home > __M__odify > Exten__d__ || <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Extends objects to a selected boundary edge. ||
 * <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Offset || <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,mono; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">**OFFSET / O** || [[image:http://www.we-r-here.com/cad/tutorials/level_1/images/offset_icon.gif width="24" height="22" align="center" caption="Offset Icon"]] || <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Home > __M__odify > Off__s__et || <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Offsets an object (parallel) by a set distance. ||
 * <span style="color: #009933; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-decoration: none;">Object Snaps || <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,mono; font-size: 16px; text-align: justify;">OSNAP / OS / F3 || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">CLICK

<span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">S__n__ap Settings || <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Brings up the OSNAP dialog box. ||

4) Modifying Commands
The final set of commands we'll regularly use are the following:
 * <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">**Command** || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">**Keystroke** || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">**Icon** || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">**Location** || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">**Result** ||
 * <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">Move || <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,mono; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">**Move / M** || [[image:http://www.we-r-here.com/cad/tutorials/level_1/images/move_icon.gif width="33" height="33" align="center" caption="Move Icon"]] || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">Home > __M__odify > Mo__v__e || <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Moves an object or objects ||
 * <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">Copy || <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,mono; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">**Copy / CP** || [[image:http://www.we-r-here.com/cad/tutorials/level_1/images/copy_icon.gif width="24" height="22" align="center" caption="Copy Icon"]] || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">Home > __M__odify > Cop__y__ || <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Copies object(s) once or multiple times ||
 * <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">Stretch || <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,mono; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">**Stretch / S** || [[image:http://www.we-r-here.com/cad/tutorials/level_1/images/stretch_icon.gif width="24" height="22" align="center" caption="Stretch Icon"]] || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">Home > __M__odify > Stretc__h__ || <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Stretches an object after you have selected a portion of it ||
 * <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">Mirror || <span style="color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: "Courier New",Courier,mono; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">**Mirror / MI** || [[image:http://www.we-r-here.com/cad/tutorials/level_1/images/mirror_icon.gif width="24" height="22" align="center" caption="Mirror Icon"]] || <span style="color: #313a4c; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: center;">Home > __M__odify > M__i__rror || <span style="color: #313a4c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Creates a mirror image of an object or selection set ||



Assignment:
Set up your AutoCAD document in metric click the little arrow on the start screen. Now click on No Template Metric or Imperial.
 * To create the border:**
 * 1) Draw a rectangle that is from coordinate 0,0 to point 279,215 (that's the metric size of a regular piece of paper)
 * 2) Use the OFFSET tool to offset the rectangle inwards by 10 mm


 * To create the title block:**
 * 1) Draw a horizontal line between the left and right borders 7mm above the bottom border.
 * 2) Draw a horizontal line between the left and right borders 3mm above the previous line.
 * 3) Draw a horizontal line between the left and right borders 5mm above the previous line.
 * 4) Draw a vertical line between the bottom border and the third line 100mm from the left border.
 * 5) Draw a vertical line between the bottom border and the third line 100mm from the right border.
 * 6) Write the title, date and your name 10mm from the left vertical lines within the title block.

Here's what it should look like:

<span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 12pt;">


 * Submit your Title Block**
 * **CATEGORY** || **4** || **3** || **2** || **1** ||
 * **Content** || All steps are followed and the end product is exemplary. || Generally all steps are followed, there are small errors in lines or labeling. || Generally the product is as it should be, though there are enough errors in replication that final product is awkward. || Large errors in replication of the product. ||
 * **Use of Time** || Used time well during each class period (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well during most class periods (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well (as shown by observation by teacher and documentation of progress in journal), but required reminders on one or more occasions to do so. || Used time poorly (as shown by observation by teacher and/or documentation of progress in journal) in spite of several reminders to do so. ||
 * **Filetype and naming** ||  ||   || File and name formats are correct. || Either file or name formats are incorrect. ||


 * Assignment:**

On a metric sheet you are to replicate each of the following drawings:

Each drawing is a separate submission.
 * **CATEGORY** || **4** || **3** || **2** || **1** ||
 * **Content** || All steps are followed and the end product is exemplary. Lines are correct & correctly dimensioned. || Generally all steps are followed, there are small errors in lines or dimensions. || Generally the product is as it should be, though there are enough errors in replication that final product is awkward. || Large errors in replication of the product. ||
 * **Use of Time** || Used time well during each class period (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well during most class periods (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well (as shown by observation by teacher and documentation of progress in journal), but required reminders on one or more occasions to do so. || Used time poorly (as shown by observation by teacher and/or documentation of progress in journal) in spite of several reminders to do so. ||
 * **Filetype and naming** ||  ||   || File and name formats are correct. || Either file or name formats are incorrect. ||