TDJ3M_Architectural_Design

include component="page" wikiName="jmcintyre" page="course_tabs_header" include component="page" wikiName="jmcintyre" page="menu_TDJ3M_crumbs" History of Architecture: Ancient | Medieval | Renaissance | Early Modern | Modern | Post-Modern | Contemporary Types of modern architecture: Residential | Commercial == =Architecture=

=What does it all mean?= Architecture has to do with the planning, designing and constructing form, space and ambiance that reflect functional, technical, social, environmental, and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of material, technology, light and shadow. Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimating and construction administration. As documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, architecture defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or any other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.

=How to Architect?= media type="youtube" key="Dd8SQUsqQpY?version=3" height="315" width="560"

media type="youtube" key="BLzVNjED2yg?version=3" height="315" width="420"

[I highly recommend the [|How to Architect] series on Youtube if you are interested in architecture. We'll be using this series as a sort of a textbook during the architecture unit over your 2 years of Design Technology.

History
Architecture is the act of both designing and building structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. [|[source]] "Architecture" can mean:
 * A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures.
 * The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures.
 * The style and method of design and construction of buildings and other physical structures.
 * The practice of the architect, where architecture means the offering or rendering of professional services in connection with the design and construction of buildings, or built environments.
 * The design activity of the architect, from the macro-level (urban design, landscape architecture) to the micro-level (construction details and furniture).
 * The term "architecture" has been adopted to describe the activity of designing any kind of system, and is commonly used in describing information technology.

There are many types of architecture which have evolved over time. Architects typically classify them as ancient, medieval, renaissance, early modern, modern, and post-modern.

Ancient Architecture
Ancient architecture is described as architecture prior to the medieval period. This includes ancient Mesopotamian (Persian) structures, early Asian structures, early Islamic structures and Greek and Roman construction. Aside from home dwellings, ancient buildings often had to do with the divine and/or supernatural. Often, since the construction was designed to be a monument to the wealthy patrons who commissioned them, they reflected the desires of that patron, rather than reflecting the feelings or cultural beliefs of the society as a whole. These structures more often than not, also helped to solidify the power of the patrons who commissioned them. Grand works of civil engineering ([|such as the viaduct aqueducts of Rome]) flourished in ancient Greece/Rome with the discovery of concrete. 

Medieval architects (5th to 15th centuries CE) were often unknown, leaving only their buildings behind as monuments to their accomplishments. Architects during this period of time were began unlocking the secrets of modern construction. In order to have their 'secrets' survive they formed guilds. Arguably these could be considered to be the equivalent to today's mentoring or apprenticeship programs. These architects most often designed and built ecclesiastic structures ([|churches and cathedrals]), or military fortifications ([|castles] and/or [|walls]) with some smaller role in civil projects (typically kings/lords left the building of common houses to no set plan and gave little consideration to such things as water or sewage). Technological advances spurred by advanced math begun to be used in structural support. This allowed cathedrals to become taller and walls to become more vaulted and thinner. Most notable of these were [|flying butresses], [|gothic arches]and [|rose windows]. [|(1)].



Renaissance Architecture
Still, during the renaissance, architects were engineers, artists and architects. Guild of stonemasons (popularly, [|Freemasonry]is thought to be descendant from these) were increasingly responsible for works of civil engineering such as bridge building and public building. The architects became cults of personality and structures begun to be associated with individuals rather than their commissioners. Famous architects of the period include [|Filippo Brunelleschi], [|Leon Alberti]and of course [|Michelangelo.]

Commonly thought to be between the 15th century to the industrial revolution, renaissance architecture is characterized by adoption of symmetry roman features, but utilized in traditionally non-roman buildings/structures. Because of advances in mathematics, stonemasons and architects were now able to incorporate older roman features [|such features as] arches, vaults, domes and columns in increasingly ornate and complex ways.

High renaissance architecture appears strongly in Italy and weakens in its influence towards the extremities of Europe. Interestingly, some elements of renaissance architecture make their way into a variety of non-renaissance buildings such as [|Russian cathedrals], [|the Capitol Building]in Washington DC. More recognizable buildings here in Ottawa (Note, the Parliament buildings, designed by Thomas Fuller actually represent a Victorian gothic throwback) like the [|Parliament buildings]and the [|Chateau Laurier]while not entirely "renaissance architecture", display a lot of those features. Look carefully and you'll see overly complex arches and vaults.



Early Modern Architecture
Advances in materials (namely cheaper iron and steel and sheet glass) allowed for new building techniques. However, early attempts to build with these materials often lead to collapse. It wasn't until the early 1800's and the development of the [|section beam]that modern building design really took off. Notably mills and factories dominated early modern architecture, but also [|great works]emphasizing the struggle between older styles and modernism were built. A classic early example of this was the iron and glass structure the [|Crystal Palace].

Quickly architects realized they didn't have to be constrained by classic techniques and a flourishing of styles developed.



Modern Architecture
Early modern architecture quickly lead to modern architecture which borrows from elements globally. Architects of this era strayed from functionalist forms to follow the mantra "form follows function" (what the building looks like is secondary to what it will be used for - typically this implies that ornamentation is not important in the structure, it's all about lines and shapes and functionality). For example, the famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright designed the Guggenheim in NY in spirals such that it was easier for the public to more easily see the artwork therein.

By the early-to-mid 20th century modern architecture was itself fragmenting into a myriad of sub-philosophies and such works of architectural art those seen below:


 * FallingWater (1935)**




 * TWA terminal at JFK airport (1963)**


 * Sydney Opera House (1973)**



Post Modern Architecture
In the late 1970's there was a revival of interest in the ornamentation of buildings after the 'harsh' modern movement of the early 20th century. The buildings themselves became the ornamentation in many cases. Non-orthagonal angles are often used and form is used for form's sakes, not for functionality. Seen at right is the Scottish Parliament opened in 2004. Below is the Neue Staatsgalerie (New State Gallery) in Strassburg, Gernamy. Note in the Staatsgalerie that the walls aren't vertical, nor is there obvious function to the curvature to the wall.



Contemporary Architecture
Describes the architecture of today. There are so many fractured components to it that it is hard to categorize any handful of elements as being contemporary by themselves. Typically architects have opted to move away from having building elements that glorify the element, rather than having functionality, but that is all that can be said about it in general.

Examples of contemporary architecture include:


 * Burj Khalifa tower in Dubai**


 * Post modern house design**


 * Hansabanka in Riga**

 =Types of Architecture= The two main disciplines of architecture are **residential and commercial**. Residential architects aim to design a space that provides the homeowner a place in their community while at the same time making a statement about the homeowner themselves. Classic residential designs include: 

Residential Design
The residential design process begins with the architect and continues with the interior designer. The architect must ensure the safety and integrity of the home, its conformity to building codes from basement depth to stair tread height, and the correct functioning of its infrastructure from plumbing to electricity. The interior designer provides the textures and colors of the space to create a safe, comfortable and harmonious living environment. Both the architect and the interior designer can also work directly with clients who purchase a custom-built home to develop a truly unique living environment. They in turn must build a working relationship with engineers, building contractors and construction trades people who will turn their designs into real, livable, functional spaces. [|[source]]

Things to consider when designing a residential single-family house:
- What type of house (1, 1.5, 2, split) - Site consideration (both on the lot and as a part of the larger community)
 * Cost and restrictions (deed/title/liens/easements/restrictions)
 * Zoning and codes (type of building, single family, multifamily, how tall, how far from road).
 * Topographic features (rock in ground, relief) determine lot layout.

- Traffic circulation
 * How you want flow between bedrooms, bathrooms, kitchen, family area.

- Bubble diagram - Block diagram - Sketch plan - Elevation sketch
 * From there we go to a:**

For the purposes of our course there are 4 basic designs to choose from: one-story ranch, 1 ½ story, 2 story and split-level.

//TRY THIS: Calculate size necessary for 2400 sq.ft. ranch. Compare that to 2 story house.//

One Story Ranch:[[image:ranch.JPG width="384" height="246" align="right"]]
- It may have a basement depending on where in the country it is built, but may also sit on a crawl-space or slab floor. - Chief advantage is that it lends itself to indoor/outdoor living (patios etc…) - Absence of stairs (benefits/drawbacks) - Low pitched roof and simple construction.

//Disadvantages//:
 * More expensive to build than other others with same square footage (more roof area).
 * Heating more expensive for northern climate
 * Larger lot

1 ½ story:
- Essentially a one-story ranch with a steeper roof so you get an attic space. Often called a "Cape Cod" the 1 1/2 story home was created to maximize living space yet have roof coverage over the 'walls' of the 2nd floor. In North America you get the 1950’s war-homes that are examples of these. - Dormers are added to get light into the attic.

- Cost per unit is low. - Heating costs are minimized due to outside wall area being relatively small (but hot attics in summer)

[[image:1_1_2_story_a.JPG width="330" height="209" align="left"]]




//Disadvantages//:
 * Impinging ceiling on 2nd floor - any space under 5' in height is not considered to be living space.
 * Not suitable for the elderly. Often 1 1/2 story homes have steep switchback stairs.
 * If dormers are present, they increase the cost associated with roofing.

2 story house:[[image:2story.jpg align="right"]]
- Smaller lot requirement - Heating and cooling relatively straightforward (heat rises) in the case of supplemental heating (wood stoves) - Cooilng is fairly easy because the living space is not in the attic. - sleeping space can often (usually) be separated from living spaces, or spaces of high traffic which increases privacy. - you can maximize light entering all areas of space.

//Disadvantages//:
 * Exterior maintenance is more costly.
 * 2 stories means staircases.....which are a drawback for elderly or the infirm.
 * basement is smaller than the equivalent area ranch home.
 * laundry facilities are usually in the basement, which means that laundry must ascend/decent 2 flights of stairs.
 * In the case of emergencies, you may have to exit a 2nd story to the ground.



Split level:
- Designs around sloped lots (but a bad idea if it’s a flat lot). - Efficient use of space as the general arrangement requires little or no hall space. - The basement footprint is about 40-60% of the overall space. - The intermediate level (“ground level”) is where patios etc… tend to be. - Variations (views of slope and elevation views of house)

//Disadvantages//:
 * the living space and entry spaces are usually at different elevations which means constant lugging of goods/materials up short flights of stairs in the home
 * even short flights of steps can be difficult for the elderly.
 * difficult to heat

= = =Activity: WHAT DO YOU LIKE?= Go online and find 5 house exteriors that you find interesting. Find 3 house interiors you find interesting. Link them in a Prezi and showcase them.

== =Start Here=

[[image:http://www.marksusser.com/images/concept/bubble_diagram_w.jpg width="520" height="350" align="right" caption="Site Plan Bubble Diagram"]]
The big question is where do you start in an architectural design? First off, you think of who it is for. Next ask yourself what does it need to accomplish. Finally, you look at how you're going to get there. To that end, start your plan with a bubble diagram. 

Bubble Diagrams
Bubble diagrams are free flowing concepts to help you start getting ideas for your design. You can represent ALL aspects of a design with a bubble diagram from the site plan, to the building itself. Begin by taking your base floor plan and laying your tracing paper over the top of it. Keep your site programming and any notes and photographs you've taken handy as you may want to reference them throughout the process.

To start designing you begin with a “bubble diagram”. This bubble diagram defines spaces within the base plan. Later on, these spaces will be further developed to include specific rooms, circulation, and designated spaces. Start by sketching various shapes and sizes of bubbles. These bubbles represent areas within the base plan. But by using this freehand type drawing you are free to be creative and not confined to any specific elements. This is the time to have fun with the design process.

Bubbles can represent different areas, and any other amenities you would like to have in your building. This diagram will provide a general organizational structure for a design. It is similar in effect to what an outline is for a written report. Remember, you are not concerned about specifics at this time, but rather overall design concepts. This is a creative function; don’t over think the process; just put your pencil to paper and start drawing circles, ovals, etc. and get some ideas flowing.

These diagrams are very critical to the overall design process. The reasoning behind doing several bubble diagrams is that they encourage you as a designer to explore various design solutions. This is an excellent time to experiment with overall shapes and decide things such as whether you want the design to be formal or informal. One common mistake people make is to get too specific while drawing the “bubble” diagrams. Getting too specific too soon makes you forget that there are other design possibilities available for the design.

As you are playing with your design, label your “bubble areas”. If you like, use colored pencils to distinguish your different areas. Compare the various sizes of your “bubbles” to make sure your areas are proportional. It is important to keep the appropriate scale of features and areas as you will transfer these ideas over to your final drawing.


 * Remember, several of the types of spaces to incorporate into your bubble diagram area as follows:**
 * 1) Private areas.**
 * 2) Public areas.**
 * 3) Circulation areas.**

Interior Home Planning
__Home Zones__

The home is generally divided into three areas or zones:


 * 1) The public or living zone would include the entry hall, living room and/or family room, dining room, and perhaps the kitchen if family and friends tend to gather there. This area requires more natural light so is best placed to receive such.
 * 2) The working zone would include the laundry and utility room, kitchen, and perhaps garage. This area requires more artificial light, more plumbing, and more storage space.
 * 3) The sleeping zone would, of course, include the bedrooms and bath areas. It is important to separate this quiet zone from the public and working zones.


 * The first step** in planning the interior of the home is to determine the amount of space needed for each of the areas above. More detail on space requirements will be covered under the study of floor plans.


 * Secondly** arrange these areas in different ways within the basic rectangular shape plan. With each different arrangement analyze each room with regard to windows and doors, light requirements, and how it will relate to other rooms in the floor plan


 * Third** – remember that any home plan must incorporate compromises, but these can often be used to an advantage in another respect such as a noise buffer.


 * __Room Layout and Traffic Flow__**

Traffic flow through the home should be as easy and simple as possible. Centrally located entryways and stairs help in simplifying overall traffic flow. Traffic flow within individual rooms should reflect this simplicity. Consider each room carefully with regard to functionality. //**Note**//: Much more planning and detail should be given to room layout and traffic flow once the basic floor plan is established.

//**Some notes to traffic flow:**//
 * The distance from the garage to the kitchen is direct and short.
 * The foyer is centrally located and convenient to all parts of the house.
 * All bedrooms are close to a bath.
 * Few rooms have traffic planned through them.
 * Pay attention to space relationships. Dining room in relation to kitchen).
 * Try to separate the living room from the kitchen if there is a family room.
 * It is usually advisable to locate the laundry near the kitchen so you can do laundry while working or relaxing in the kitchen.
 * In recent years it has become quite common to locate the laundry on the second floor, near the bedrooms.
 * There should be a closet near all entry doors.

 =Room planning=

Sleeping area:
- # bedrooms can make/break selling and living in a house. - 3 bedroom is most saleable, but with a trend towards home offices 4 is often more desirable. - Bedrooms may be designed as a split plan which segregates the rooms off from living areas to minimize noise disruptions (either on a wing, or on another floor AND wing. - Sizes of bedrooms at 100 sq. ft. + - Arc-fault plugs are necessary to prevent fire - Large bedrooms are over 175 sq. ft. - It’s always a good idea when planning a sleeping area to make rough shapes of dressers/beds to make sure shapes fit properly in the area that are free of windows/doors etc… - When designing for accessibility it’s important to make a 3’ path available to persons in wheelchairs to make the house more saleable.

Closet
- All rooms to be considered to be bedrooms must have a closet. It must have at least 4 linear feet of rod for a male or 6 ft. of linear rod for a woman. - If a bedroom room has 3 outside walls for some reason, one wall should be taken for closet to minimize breezes. - Closet doors can be standard, sliding, bifold, pocket or accordion depending on appearance desires and space constraints.

Windows/doors
- Wide short windows (called ribbon) may be desirable if windows are on ground level if privacy is an issue. - 2 windows are ideal, but breezes should not cross the bed area. - Doors should swing into the bedroom and typically be located in corners of the room to maximize wallspace. - Again, doors can be standard, sliding or pocket depending on space considerations.

Kitchen
- plugs mounted in kitchen must be GFCI - no code for size, but typically no less than 75 sq. ft.with the average creeping higher as kitchens become increasingly centers of guest entertainment and focal points in the house - account for traffic flow and the 'golden triangle' of kitchen design (stove/sink[counter]/refrigerator)
 * Each leg of the triangle should be between 4 and 9 feet
 * The total of all three legs should be between 12 and 26 feet
 * No obstructions (cabinets, islands, etc.) should intersect a leg of the work triangle
 * Household traffic should not flow through the work triangle

Bathrooms
- Often designs for houses will indicate the minimum number of baths needed, but the rule of thumb is that you need at least 1 ½ baths for a 2 story house. (full bath means tub/shower, ½ bath are toilet/sink) - Splits are considered to need the same as 2 story houses, as are large ranches (often ranches should have 2 full to accommodate the potential large footprint). - ¾ occur and are shower, toilet, sink - locating plumbing pathways near to each other minimizes cost. - Minimum size of bathroom is about 5’x8’ where a large bathroom is >10’10’ - It must have ventilation & GFCI’s by code.

Living Rooms
- It should be a functional part of the home, but at the same time be beautiful and charming. - Average sized is about 250 sq. ft. - Natural traffic patterns in the house should not pass through the living room. - Furnishing and orientations should reflect use (e.g. tv or not)

Windows and doors
- living rooms should be oriented for comfort and energy (e.g. good sun exposure in northern climates, northern exposure in southern climates) - décor should be used to reflect and complement the existing natural materials and hide flaws or weak aspects to the room. - If space provides it, separate TV viewing area from living room (2 separate rooms).

Dining Rooms
- plans include open or closed (an area vs. a room) - temporary screens or partitions may be used if you are looking for a closed feel in an open room. - Sizes are in the order of 120 sq.ft. For seating for 4 with a buffet. 12'x15' for 6-8 people while 14x18' for more. - Typical furnishing includes table, chairs, buffet, china closet and some sort of server or cart. - Outdoor vantage points are considered desirable. - 32” of space between table and chairs are considered to be optimal for wheelchairs.

Location and decor
- located near to the family room as well as proximity to the kitchen to allow natural movement. - Décor and lighting reflect a happy environment. Colour schemes are important.



Block Diagram
A block diagram is nothing more than a refinement of the bubble diagram. In the bubble diagram the intention is simply to outline the areas you want in a home, then show their inter-connectedness. Positioning isn't critical in a bubble diagram.

Conversely - in a block diagram, positioning becomes important. Room sizes and relative locations are put down on paper. Inter-connectedness is brought over from the bubble diagram.

The block diagram however still doesn't show furnishings, door positions (though roughly), or interior/exterior walls.
 * General sizes: Designing Floor Plans**

__Comparative House Areas__
 * Small 800-1400 sq. ft.
 * Medium 1500-2200 sq. ft.
 * Large 2500-4000 sq. ft.

__Bathroom Sizes__
 * Small 9’-0” x 6’-0”
 * Medium 11’-0” x 7’-0”
 * Large 14’-0” x 9’-0”

__Washroom Sizes__
 * Small 6’-6 x 3’-0”
 * Medium 7’-0” x 5’-0”
 * Large 9’-0” x 6’-0”

//Powder rooms can be 4 x 4½ ft.//


 * __Major Room sizes__**

__Bedroom__
 * Small 8’-0” x 10’-0”
 * Medium 12’-0” x 12’-0”
 * Large 12’-0” x 16’-0”

Bedrooms - minimum 100 sq. ft. - recommended 125 sq. ft. with at least a 4 foot closet 2 ft deep - recommended 6 to 8 ft. Placing a closet on the interior wall will provide a noise barrier between rooms. (Larger closets are very desirable.)

__Living Room__
 * Small 10’-0” x 12’-0”
 * Medium 14’-0” x 20’-0”
 * Large 18’-0” x 28’-0”

__Dining Room__
 * Small 9’-0” x 11’-0”
 * Medium 12’-0” x 14’-0”
 * Large 14’-0” x 20’-0”

__Living Room__ - minimum 150 sq. ft. - recommended 250 sq. ft.

__Dining Room__ - minimum 120 sq. ft.

__Family Room__ - minimum 220 sq. ft.

When determining the size of any of the main rooms of the house, it is important to consider standard widths of floor covering in order to avoid purchasing extra lengths of costly materials. Most floor covering materials are 12’-0” in width.



[[image:TDJ4M_FloorPlanSketch.jpg width="640" height="947"]]
A sketch plan takes what has preceded it (the bubble and block diagrams), and forms the foundation (pardon the pun) for the house plan to follow. A sketch plan still doesn't include dimensions, though all wall/item dimensions should be relatively accurate so that the viewer can a firm idea of what the final house plan will look like. Door paths and relative wall thicknesses should be addressed and all interior features should be visible.

Remember - all exterior walls are typically 2x the thickness of interior walls for the purposes of the sketch plan (though in reality a 10" exterior wall is becoming the custom home standard....the 8" exterior wall is still the 'cardboard house standard').

Elevation Sketch[[image:http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_--hADDjRQ1I/TNLwde6SNlI/AAAAAAAAADM/1zzIbL4NBgY/s1600/front+no+text.jpg width="719" height="465" align="right"]]
There are a variety of elevation sketches that one can make of a house. Front, side and back elevations all show the 'look and feel' of a house from the exterior perspective (pardon the pun).

An elevation sketch should **not** have perspective, but should include relative proportions from the view of the house. The sketch should include landforms, should they exist, as well as rough rooflines, window and door placements, and balconies if applicable.

Elevation sketches should also include items such as rough landscape features as well as trees/shrubs.The sketch may also include hints of cladding (what the finished exterior will look like) as well as shading effects.





Assignment #9 - Locating a House (or building)
[if the internet fails you - check out an architectural textbook in the class] To locate a house (or building) the following must be considered;
 * 1) The type of neighbourhood must be determined.
 * 2) An appropriate site must be selected.
 * 3) The building must be located on a site.

__Answer the following and submit them into my hand-in folder:__ 1. What affects the type of neighborhood you're building in? 2. What level of government controls the zoning plan? 3. What are the four main categories of land zoning? 4. What is the procedure for changes to zoning? 5. Write two or three sentences defining the following neighborhood types; 6. What must be considered when selecting a site for buildling? 7. What must be considered when locating a building on a site? 8. Define setback, side yard and backyard. 9. Why would municipal laws define setback, and side yard?
 * rural
 * rural urban fringe
 * urban - small town
 * urban - suburban
 * urban - urban core

This might help you out: http://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/implement/phsyical-social-environment/neighborhood-design-and-zoning/main

 =Plot Plan= - Shows location and orientation of house on site. - Shows [|survey lines] - Shows topographic features as well as lot size/dimension. - Shows setbacks for construction as well as municipal or residential infrastructure (e.g. well locations, gas pipes, septic/sewer) - Shows any large landscape features - Scale can be anywhere from 1:80 to 1:200 - Compass "rose"





Assignment #10: Draw a site plan

 * Calculate the lot size in either sq. m or sq. ft.
 * Make an accurate drawing of this lot on an a sheet of title block paper at a scale that is appropriate (in the neighbourhood of 1 cm = 250 cm or 2.5m or 1:240 which is 1” = 240" or 20' if it doesn't fit the paper, adjust your scale).
 * Using construction lines, draw in the side yards and setback and determine the maximum size for the frontage of the type of house you are designing.
 * [|city of Ottawa interactive zoning map]
 * [|What the residential zoning subclasses setbacks are]
 * On a printed copy, lightly sketch the approximate size and shape of a house if you put it someplace on the property.
 * Using Google Maps __terrain view__, add elevations for the corners of each lot and any other elevations that appear to be relevant to the site plan. If the lot is sloping, add the contours that may have to be adjusted to accommodate the house you have placed on the site. Also add any permanent landscape features such as an existing tree or pond.
 * On the site plan, provide adequate garage, parking and driveway facilities. The garage will usually be incorporated into the house design. Give the overall dimensions of the garage and the driveway in order to complete the plot plan. Please note, access to the property is only off of Old Riverside Drive.
 * When done your plan will have:
 * the property lines
 * the setbacks
 * the compass (rose)
 * any relevant mature foliage
 * landscaping features, if relevant
 * utility access
 * labelled roads
 * a house as seen from above (roofline)
 * driveway access

 =Foundation Plan=

- shows foundation size and material. - Give info. Relating to drainage, excavation, supporting structures (I beams, floor support etc…) - Could include basement info. If applicable. - Foundation plans show joists (usually 12" or 16" centers) supported by beams (usually 3 laminated 2"x10" but you'd have to look at [|span tables] to find out the specifics for the space). Beams then are supported by posts (which for the purposes of this course can be spaced at roughly 15' spacing, but again, would be determined by span tables). - Supporting posts are poured concrete pads (typically 1'x1') - seen at far right supporting the porch posts in the diagram below.

//Tricks to a foundation plan://


 =Floor Plan= - Shows exterior and interior walls, doors, windows, patios, walks, decks, fireplaces, mechanical equipment, cabinets, appliances etc… - A separate floor plan is required for each floor.

 =Elevations= - Are drawn for each side of the structure (orthographic). - Placement of windows, doors, types of exterior material, chimney, rooflines



 =Sections=

- show detail of house walls or floors or roofs.

 =Alternative building materials=

Notes: building materials and construction choices cause this to vary. Here is [|a fairly comprehensive list] (PDF warning).

Some examples of the building materials I've seen and used personally: []

Really non-standard construction options: [|http://www.web.net/~kcollins/House/player.html]

media type="youtube" key="XDfXnXJ7HI8?version=3" height="315" width="560"

- Shows location of house on site. 

Stages of construction:
Typically 16 weeks from start to finish - but can be done in as short as 8-9 weeks

(horizontal) || plans/financing || layout of building || excavation/footing || foundation, drainage, backfill || framing || pluming, heating, electrical || exterior (incl. landscaping) ||
 * **Stages**
 * **Weeks** || pre-construction – plans, estimates, permits, temp. power || Usually a single day to have observances of setback, surveyor etc… || as little as a single day to excavate. The footing takes a few days. Trenches for hookup || several days includes pouring, curing concrete as well as damp-proofing foundation and backfilling it || about 2 weeks is needed to makes walls/roof. Chimney, stairs and installation of pre-manufactured items (windows, exterior doors are usually another week) || framing is done all the HVAC, wiring is done. About 2 weeks is needed || about same time HVAC/electrical/plumbing is being done) exterior air barrier, house wrap (Tyvek, Typar). Brick, trim and millwork also ||
 * 1 || X ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 2 || X ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 3 || X ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 4 || X ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 5 || X || X || X ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 6 ||  ||   || X ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 7 ||  ||   ||   || X ||   ||   ||   ||
 * 8 ||  ||   ||   ||   || X ||   ||   ||
 * 9 ||  ||   ||   ||   || X ||   ||   ||
 * 10 ||  ||   ||   ||   || X ||   ||   ||
 * 11 ||  ||   ||   ||   || X || X ||   ||
 * 12 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   || X || X ||
 * 13 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || X ||
 * 14 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || X ||
 * 15 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || X ||
 * 16 ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || X ||



Relevant dimensions for designing houses:
Door openings: 30"x80" Window openings: usually no smaller than 24" Kitchen: Wall thickness's:
 * counter top heights: 36" above ground x 24" depth, 8" toe kick space
 * stove/fridge 24" - 36" depth (24" typical)
 * interior - 2x4 framing which means 3.5 inches. Drywall is about 4" (actually closer to 4 1/8")
 * exterior
 * foundation
 * 8" concrete - footing extends an additional 6" to 8"
 * ground floor
 * 2x6 or 2x8 framing which means 5.5 inches or 7.5 inches thick
 * cladding
 * vinyl siding is 3/4" finished
 * brick 1" air space - brick thickness is 2.5"
 * cultured stone varies between 2"-6"
 * stacked stone dry varies between 1"-5"
 * wood - no air space, wood typically 3/4"

Assignment #11 - Quick plans


You are going to draw a **bubble plan**, a **block plan** and a **sketch plan** and an **elevation sketch** for a 1600 sq. ft. house on **each of the following lots**:

A) A sunny flat gently sloping lot of 360' x 245' (~2.1 acre). The google map location below shows the view towards the lots available (and is a way of getting a feeling for the placement of the lot). On the picture at right, the camera placement for the Google map location is at the extreme far left bottom corner (e.g. the house on the corner of the streetview of the road is the farmhouse in the aerial picture at the bottom left). You are designing a single family home.

Link to the MLS site: http://www.realtor.ca/propertyDetails.aspx?propertyId=12601299&PidKey=1819095537

media type="googlemap" key="http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=8295+Fernbank+Rd&aq=&sll=45.184632,-76.014827&sspn=0.010753,0.022724&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=8295+Fernbank+Rd,+Ottawa,+Ottawa+Division,+Ontario,+Canada&ll=45.184638,-76.014833&spn=0.010753,0.022724&t=h&z=14&output=embed" width="425" height="350"

B) A 1600 sq. ft. 2-storey condo-restricted lot in town. You cannot put a garage on the building. The building is to house 2 units. The property is 60 ft. wide by 100 ft. deep. You are designing 2 units for standard urban living. Assume each will be a 2 bedroom unit.

media type="googlemap" key="http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=embed&hl=en&geocode=&q=2458+Clover+St+&aq=&sll=45.186604,-76.011636&sspn=0.010753,0.022724&t=h&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=2458+Clover+St,+Ottawa,+Ontario+K1V+8G4,+Canada&ll=45.376018,-75.676276&spn=0.004854,0.022724&z=14&layer=c&cbll=45.375895,-75.676259&panoid=F3tX1kQrUg-opXLCHjkDLg&cbp=11,271.02,,0,13.68&output=svembed" height="400" width="600"

Evaluation:
You should include:
 * bubble diagram
 * block diagram
 * sketch plan
 * elevation sketch

for each of the lots listed in A and B.


 * **CATEGORY** || **4** || **3** || **2** || **1** ||
 * **Bubble diagrams** || Bubble drawings well illustrate relevant connections and house ideas || Bubble drawings are generally good and address building plans || Generally the bubble drawings convey design ideas. Diagrams however may be too vague in areas || The plan can generally be understood, though relevant connections/plans are flawed or missing. ||
 * **Block diagrams** || Relevant views of the rooms are clear || All rooms are present, though there may be confusion in the drawings || Generally the drawings can lead towards a final product, but there are flaws in which construction details may be obscured || There are large errors in the object views - such that construction will be difficult based on the schematics. ||
 * **Sketch plan** || Room placement/location is well thought through. All relevant connections and major furnishings are present. Openings are roughed in as well as wall thicknesses. || Generally the plan is well thought through. Though all relevant connections and furnishings are present there are a few missing features. || The plan is generally sound, though is missing features, or features may be too vague to comprehend. || The plan is missing major features, but can generally be understood. ||
 * **Elevation** || All aspects of the front or side view are present and exemplary || All aspects of the front or side view are present, though may require some work || The front or side sketch is missing key features, but generally is understandable. || There are many flaws in the front or side view of the building. ||
 * **Use of Time** || Used time well during each class period (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well during most class periods (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well (as shown by observation by teacher and documentation of progress in journal), but required reminders on one or more occasions to do so. || Used time poorly (as shown by observation by teacher and/or documentation of progress in journal) in spite of several reminders to do so. ||

 =Assignment # 12 - Plan a house=

Evaluation:
You should include:
 * foundation plan done in AUTOCAD
 * floor plan done in AUTOCAD
 * house done in SKETCHUP (including walls/roof etc...)

Take one of the houses you made in Assignment #11 (I'd recommend the first house since it makes your summative easier) and develop it further. You will tweak it such that your final product will adhere to all relevant building and bylaw codes (e.g. 10' away from property lines etc...). Complete the interior of the house modeling such that you have all major furnishings in Sketchup and AutoCAD.


 * **CATEGORY** || **4** || **3** || **2** || **1** ||
 * **AutoCAD foundation plan** || All relevant foundation details are present including joists, beams, footings and posts || Foundation details are largely present with a few minor exceptions. || Generally the foundation shows detail however the diagram may be too vague in areas || The plan can generally be understood, though relevant items may flawed or missing. ||
 * **AutoCAD floor plan** || All relevant room and wall details are present and done impeccably. || All room and wall details are present, though there may be confusion in the drawings. || Generally the drawings can lead towards a final product, but there are flaws in which construction details may be obscured || There are large errors in the floor plan- such that construction will be difficult based on the schematics. ||
 * **Sketchup house model** || House exterior and interior finished with attention to detail on all major items. || Generally the house is planned and drawn. Not all relevant details are present as such there are a few missing features. || The model is generally sound, though is missing features, or features may be too vague to comprehend. || The plan is missing major features, but can generally be understood. ||
 * **Elevation** || All aspects of the front or side view are present and exemplary || All aspects of the front or side view are present, though may require some work || The front or side sketch is missing key features, but generally is understandable. || There are many flaws in the front or side view of the building. ||
 * **Use of Time** || Used time well during each class period (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well during most class periods (as shown by observation by teacher, and documentation of progress in journal) with no reminders. || Used time well (as shown by observation by teacher and documentation of progress in journal), but required reminders on one or more occasions to do so. || Used time poorly (as shown by observation by teacher and/or documentation of progress in journal) in spite of several reminders to do so. ||


 * Notes about relevant dimensions:**

__Bathroom Equipment__ show detail of house walls or floors or roofs. Bed
 * Bathtubs 5’-0” or 6’-0 x 2’-10”
 * Shower Cabinet 3’-0” x 3’-0”
 * Toilets 20” wide
 * Vanities 17’-22” deep
 * Space Allowance (Minimum)
 * Edge of Bath and Other Fixtures 2’-10”
 * Center of sink or mirror to sidewall 18”
 * Center of toilet to sidewall 15”
 * Single 36 3/4” x 76”
 * Double 54” x 76”
 * Queen 60” x 85”
 * King 73” x 85”

Dresser Drawer Cabinets
 * Small 46” x 15 1/2” Night Tables 24” x 15”
 * Large 65” x 18” Desk 49” x 18”
 * Small 24” x 16”
 * Large 35” x 19”

Typical garage sizes

 =Commercial Architectural Design=

Commercial design is not unlike residential design in that you are designing for a client that has specific needs. Fundamentally commercial architects perform many of the same tasks as the residential architect. However, their responsibilities are increased many-fold by the size of the building envelope, its location and the myriad infrastructure services it must provide to the tenants. A commercial office tower may look like a condominium, but it has significantly different infrastructure needs, such as passenger and freight elevators, loading docks, washrooms, meeting rooms, cafeterias, and parking garages, among many others. Only after all these are in place does the commercial interior designer join the team. Commercial architects must also work with engineers and trades specialists on factory construction, meeting needs for security, safety and cleanliness to the point of sterility, in addition to all the issues mentioned above. [|source]

We will examine Commercial Design in much more detail in Grade 12.